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Topic Review
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polyremase-1 Inhibition for ETS-Expressing Tumours
ETS transcription factors are a highly conserved family of proteins involved in the progression of many cancers, such as breast and prostate carcinomas, Ewing’s sarcoma, and leukaemias. This significant involvement can be explained by their roles at all stages of carcinogenesis progression. Generally, their expression in tumours is associated with a poor prognosis and an aggressive phenotype. Until now, no efficient therapeutic strategy had emerged to specifically target ETS-expressing tumours. Nevertheless, there is evidence that pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a key DNA repair enzyme, specifically sensitises ETS-expressing cancer cells to DNA damage and limits tumour progression by leading some of the cancer cells to death. These effects result from a strong interplay between ETS transcription factors and the PARP-1 enzyme.
  • 131
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Thrombin Cleavage of Osteopontin
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multi-functional protein that is involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. There is a single conserved thrombin cleavage site in OPN that, when cleaved, yields two fragments with different properties from full-length OPN. In cancer, OPN has tumor-promoting activity and plays a role in tumor growth and metastasis. High levels of OPN expression in cancer cells and tumor tissue are found in various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, ovarian, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer, and are associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival rates. OPN promotes tumor progression and invasion by stimulating cell proliferation and angiogenesis and also facilitates the metastasis of cancer cells to other parts of the body by promoting cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, OPN contributes to immune evasion by inhibiting the activity of immune cells. 
  • 230
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Immune Response in SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic threat with more than 11.8 million confirmed cases and more than 0.5 million deaths as of 3 July 2020. Lung alveolar epithelial cells are considered as primary entry targets cells for the SARS-COV-2 through the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, though it is expressed by numerous tissues. Both SARS-COV-2 and SARS-CoV utilize the ACE2 receptor to begin infection despite amino acid variation at a specific residue in the ACE2 receptor, suggesting that these variations might have been selected or could have increased the virulence and transmissibility of SARS-COV-2 compared to SARS-CoV.
  • 195
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Forms of Parkinson Disease Epigenetic Aspects
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population over the age of 50. PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and the estimated prevalence is 94 cases per 100,000 people, or approximately 0.3 percent in the general population 40 years of age and older. The yearly incidence of new cases ranges from 8 to 18.6 per 100,000 person-years. PD is clinically characterized by uncontrollable tremors at rest, rigidity, slowness of movement and postural impairment. In addition to violations of motor function, PD is accompanied by gastrointestinal, olfactory, sleep, and cognitive pathologies and other disorders. PD is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). These neurons release dopamine (DA) from nerve endings in the striatum and control muscle tone and multiple brain functions including a broad array of behavioral processes such as mood, reward, addiction, and stress. Morphologically PD is characterized by the presence of intracellular inclusions called Lewy bodies (LB) consisting mainly of aggregated α-synuclein (αSyn) inside nerve cells including SNpc. The onset of PD is dependent on both genetic and environmental factors. The latter can alter gene expression by causing epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, and the post-translational modification of histones and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs, the most studied of which are microRNAs or miRNAs). The regulation of genes responsible for monogenic forms of PD may also be involved in sporadic PD.
  • 674
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
History of Pregnancy Test
The home pregnancy test is the most frequently performed laboratory test for self-diagnosis (home diagnostic test). It is also the first laboratory test that has been adapted for self-use at home.
  • 976
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing in Bone Genetic Diseases
The development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has dramatically increased the speed and volume of genetic analysis. Furthermore, the range of applications of NGS is rapidly expanding to include genome, epigenome (such as DNA methylation), metagenome, and transcriptome analyses (such as RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing). NGS enables genetic research by offering various sequencing methods as well as combinations of methods. Bone tissue is the most important unit supporting the body and is a reservoir of calcium and phosphate ions, which are important for physical activity.
  • 290
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Impact of Hormesis upon Clinical Aging
Digital information technology is placing an increased cognitive load on our neurons. This enriched environment, provides ‘information-that-requires-action’, which acts through hormesis and activates the neuronal stress response. As a result, human neurons are under continual pressure to maintain themselves. Thus, repair resources must be allocated preferentially to the neuron, at the expense of the germline, through the bidirectional cross-talk between neuron vs germline. The result of this hormetic cognitive stress may be a reduction of age-related degeneration, which lasts indefinitely, with a corresponding reduction in reproduction.
  • 184
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tousled-like Kinase 1 in DNA Damage Repair
DNA damage repair lies at the core of all cells’ survival strategy, including the survival strategy of cancerous cells. Therefore, targeting such repair mechanisms forms the major goal of cancer therapeutics. The mechanism of DNA repair has been tousled with the discovery of multiple kinases. Studies on tousled-like kinases have brought significant clarity on the effectors of these kinases which stand to regulate double-strand break (DSB) repair. 
  • 201
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of PAX7 in Muscular Dystrophies
Myogenesis is a series of progressive development of skeletal muscle tissue over a lifetime where myoblasts, the early mononucleated committed precursor cells of skeletal muscle fuse together and differentiate into myotubes, the multinucleated muscle cells that later undergo further differentiation and fusion to form myofibers. Myoblast heterogeneity stems from three types of myoblasts: embryonic, fetal, and adult myoblasts with distinct genetic backgrounds that are traditionally distinguished by desmin, myogenin (MyoG), and myosin heavy chain isoform (MyHC) expression. These myoblast transitions are thought to overlap at multiple points during myogenesis, due to the activation of several factors. Four myogenic regulatory factors (MRF), Myogenic factor 5 (Myf5), Mrf4, Myogenic Differentiation 1 (MyoD), and MyoG play critical roles in the precise differentiation of progenitor myoblasts into myofibers during embryonic-to-adult myogenesis. Pax7 is closely associated with myogenesis, which is governed by various signaling pathways throughout a lifetime and is frequently used as an indicator in muscle research. 
  • 267
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Antioxidant Assays
Antioxidant assay methods are essential tools for evaluating the ability of substances to combat oxidative stress, a process linked to aging and various diseases. These methods assess different aspects of antioxidant activity, helping researchers quantify and compare the antioxidant potential of compounds. They contribute to our understanding of how antioxidants protect cells and guide the development of health-promoting products. These assays are integral to advancing research on oxidative stress and antioxidants' roles in maintaining cellular health and reducing disease risk.
  • 644
  • 11 Sep 2023
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