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Topic Review
The Ca2+ Sensor STIM in Human Diseases
The STIM family of proteins plays a crucial role in a plethora of cellular functions through the regulation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and, thus, intracellular calcium homeostasis. The two members of the mammalian STIM family, STIM1 and STIM2, are transmembrane proteins that act as Ca2+ sensors in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and, upon Ca2+ store discharge, interact with and activate the Orai/CRACs in the plasma membrane. Dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling leads to the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and immune disorders. 
  • 352
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Brain-Gut-Microbiome System and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Gastrointestinal dysfunction is one of the most prevalent physiological symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A growing body of largely preclinical research suggests that dysbiotic gut microbiota may modulate brain function and social behavior, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships and how they may influence the pathogenesis or severity of ASD. 
  • 720
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Brain at High Altitude
The brain requires over one-fifth of the total body oxygen demand for normal functioning. At high altitude (HA), the lower atmospheric oxygen pressure inevitably challenges the brain, affecting voluntary spatial attention, cognitive processing, and attention speed after short-term, long-term, or lifespan exposure. Molecular responses to HA are controlled mainly by hypoxia-inducible factors.
  • 526
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Biotin–(Strept)avidin System
A prevalent, well-characterized immobilization design system is the biotin–(strept)avidin interaction. The biotin–(strept)avidin interaction is considered to be one of the most specific and stable non-covalent interaction, whose dissociation constant (KD) is about 103 to 106 times higher than an antigen–antibody interaction. Its high affinity is principally useful for isolating and amplifying the signal, which increases the ability for the detection of very low concentrations of analyte while decreasing the number of steps required for measurement, allowing for a more rapid quantitation of analyte. The biotin–(strept)avidin system offers enormous advantages over other covalent and non-covalent interactions, which include amplification of weak signals, efficient operation, robustness, and astonishing stability against manipulation, proteolytic enzymes, temperature and pH extremes, harsh organic reagents, and other denaturing reagents. Since the biotin–(strept)avidin interaction is one of the strongest known non-covalent interactions in nature, avidin and its analogues have therefore been extensively used as probes and affinity matrices for a wide variety of applications in the field of biotechnology, such as biochemical assays, diagnostics, affinity purification, and drug delivery.
  • 342
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Biosynthetic Pathway of VOCs in ‘Nanguo’ Pear
The biosynthesis of aroma volatiles in fruit mostly occurs during the late stage of fruit development. Fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates in fruit serve as precursors of the aroma volatiles that form under the catalysis of various enzymes. The aroma volatiles of fruits are secondary metabolites, and various precursors synthesize aroma volatiles through different pathways. Based on the types of precursors, the metabolic pathways of aroma biosynthesis are divided into the fatty acid metabolic pathway, amino acid metabolic pathway, terpenoid metabolic pathway, and carbohydrate metabolic pathway among others. Volatile compounds (VOCs) may have antibacterial or anticancer activity. 
  • 523
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Bioproduction of L-Cysteine
L-cysteine is a proteogenic amino acid with many applications in the pharmaceutical, food, animal feed, and cosmetic industries. Due to safety and environmental issues in extracting L-cysteine from animal hair and feathers, the fermentative production of L-cysteine offers an attractive alternative using renewable feedstocks. 
  • 173
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Biomechanics of Cartilage
Articular cartilage (AC) sheathes joint surfaces and minimizes friction in diarthrosis. The resident cell population, chondrocytes, are surrounded by an extracellular matrix and a multitude of proteins, which bestow their unique characteristics. AC is characterized by a zonal composition (superficial (tangential) zone, middle (transitional) zone, deep zone, calcified zone) with different mechanical properties. An overview is given about different testing (load tests) methods as well as different modeling approaches.
  • 2.2K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Biology of Coral
Coral reefs are portrayed as tropical underwater forests, profusely rich in biodiversity and has immense ecological and economical importance. Apart from other marine calcifying organisms, scleractinian corals are the major biogenic contributor of complex bicarbonate structures. Corals are built from a collective group of tiny transparent organisms known as coral polyps. The increasing impact of natural and anthropogenic factors such as variation in temperature, salinity, cyclones, pollution and so forth have exert direct or direct effects on the coral reef, engendering the phenomenon of coral bleaching with severe outcomes. Coral microbiome comprises of diverse microorganisms including symbiotic algae, which play a determining role in coral physiology, immunity and responsiveness. Further, corals are equipped with sophisticate chemical and biological warfare that is used to their advantage in unfavorable conditions. 
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Biological Radicals
Past and present knowledge on the most important biological radicals, the superoxide radical anion and the nitrogen monoxide radical, are briefly compiled. The contribution covers the history of their detection, their enzymology, their physiological role and their detrimental effects, if they are produced in an unbalanced way. An in-depth understanding of their formation and metabolic fate is considered to improve our understanding of important biomedical problems such as host defense, blood circulation, inflammation and oxidative tissue damage.
  • 683
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
The Biological Functions of Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous tripeptide that is biosynthesized in situ at high concentrations (1–5 mM) and involved in the regulation of cellular homeostasis via multiple mechanisms.
  • 556
  • 07 Nov 2023
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