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Topic Review
Anthelmintic Resistance in Domestic Ruminants in Brazil
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) significantly, negatively impact livestock worldwide, and their control depends on the use of chemotherapy drugs.
  • 186
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Story of Kinases and Adaptors Regulating TCR signaling
Tyrosine phosphorylation constitutes an essential mechanism of signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. In the immune system, this process is widely represented, and in T cells, the first biochemical event that occurs after antigenic recognition seems to be the phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues included in the CD3 chains. For T cells to develop, differentiate and proliferate, proper intracellular signaling is required, and the negative regulation of such signaling pathways is crucial to prevent autoimmune diseases or severe immunodeficiencies. Although not understood in depth, it is becoming increasingly clear that multiple negative regulatory loops exist along the TCR-signaling cascade. The tyrosine kinases Lck and ZAP70, together with the transmembrane adaptor LAT, are essential players in the transduction of TCR early signals, and the elimination of any of them causes serious alterations in the TCR-signaling cascade.
  • 197
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Phytoestrogens in Human Osteosarcoma
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived bioactive compounds with estrogen-like properties. Their potential health benefits, especially in cancer prevention and treatment, have been a subject of considerable research in the past decade. Phytoestrogens exert their effects, at least in part, through interactions with estrogen receptors (ERs), mimicking or inhibiting the actions of natural estrogens. There has been growing interest in exploring the impact of phytoestrogens on osteosarcoma (OS), a type of bone malignancy that primarily affects children and young adults and is currently presenting limited treatment options. Considering the critical role of the estrogen/ERs axis in bone development and growth, the modulation of ERs has emerged as a highly promising approach in the treatment of OS. It delves into the multiple mechanisms through which these molecules regulate the cell cycle, apoptosis, and key pathways implicated in the growth and progression of OS, including ER signaling. Moreover, potential interactions between phytoestrogens and conventional chemotherapy agents commonly used in OS treatment will be examined. Understanding the impact of these compounds in OS holds great promise for developing novel therapeutic approaches that can augment current OS treatment modalities.
  • 285
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Carcinomas on Autosomal Trait Screening
In DNA typing or genetic fingerprinting, variable elements are isolated and identified within the base pair sequences that form the DNA. The person’s probable identity can be determined by analysing nucleotide sequences in particular regions of DNA unique to everyone.
  • 203
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy in Brief
This comprehensive entry delves into the multifaceted world of autophagy, a cellular process with profound implications for health and disease. Beginning with an exploration of the autophagic machinery, we uncover the intricate roles played by autophagosomes, autophagy-related proteins (ATGs), and lysosomes in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The regulatory mechanisms orchestrating autophagy, from mTOR to cellular stresses and post-translational modifications, are dissected, highlighting the precise control of this essential process. Autophagy's dual nature in health is unraveled, showcasing its role as a protector, eliminating toxic aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases, bolstering immunity, regulating metabolism, and potentially promoting healthy aging. Conversely, its dark side emerges in diseases, where dysregulation contributes to cancer cell survival, neurodegeneration, chronic inflammation, and pathogen exploitation.The therapeutic potential of autophagy is unveiled, as researchers explore autophagy modulators in cancer therapy, neurodegenerative disease treatments, and metabolic disorder management, with a promising avenue for anti-aging interventions. Yet, navigating autophagy's complexities presents challenges: contextual effects, safety concerns, the need for biomarkers, and the integration of autophagy-targeting therapies with existing treatments. In this ever-evolving field, understanding autophagy's intricacies is a captivating journey with far-reaching implications for human health.
  • 286
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
PR Proteins with Enzymatic Action in Plant Defense
Plant defense depends on constitutive and induced factors combined as defense mechanisms. These mechanisms involve a complex signaling network linking structural and biochemical defense. Antimicrobial and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are examples of this mechanism, which can accumulate extra- and intracellular space after infection. 
  • 383
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Myoglobin in Brown Adipose Tissue: Novel Thermogenic Implications
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in energy homeostasis by generating heat from chemical energy via uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation. Besides its high mitochondrial content and its exclusive expression of the uncoupling protein 1, another key feature of BAT is the high expression of myoglobin (MB), a heme-containing protein that typically binds oxygen, thereby facilitating the diffusion of the gas from cell membranes to mitochondria of muscle cells. In addition, MB also modulates nitric oxide (NO•) pools and can bind C16 and C18 fatty acids, which indicates a role in lipid metabolism. Studies in humans and mice implicated MB present in BAT in the regulation of lipid droplet morphology and fatty acid shuttling and composition, as well as mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. 
  • 319
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Iron in Phytopathogenic Microbe–Plant Interactions
Iron is an essential element required for the growth and survival of nearly all forms of life. It serves as a catalytic component in multiple enzymatic reactions, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and DNA replication.
  • 160
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Aspartame Safety as a Food Sweetener
Aspartame is the methyl-ester of the aspartate-phenylalanine dipeptide. Over time, it has become a very popular artificial sweetener. However, since its approval by the main food safety agencies, several concerns have been raised related to neuropsychiatric effects and neurotoxicity due to its ability to activate glutamate receptors, as well as carcinogenic risks due to the increased production of reactive oxygen species. 
  • 440
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Trichogenic Nanoparticles of Trichoderma
Trichoderma is the asexual stage of the filamentous Hypocrea genus belonging to the Ascomycota fungi division. The species of this genus are free-living saprophytic fungi found in all soils, with an average presence in temperate and tropical soils of nearly 101-103 culturable propagules per gram.
  • 323
  • 13 Sep 2023
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