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Topic Review
Ribonucleoside Hydrolase Structure
Ribonucleoside hydrolases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of ribonucleosides to nitrogenous bases and ribose. These enzymes are found in many organisms: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, metazoans, yeasts, fungi and plants.
  • 527
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ischemia with No Obstructive Coronary Arteries
Ischemia with no obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) is a relatively newly discovered ischemic phenotype that affects patients similarly to obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) but has a unique pathophysiology and epidemiology. Patients with INOCA present with ischemic signs and symptoms but no obstructive CAD seen on coronary CTA or invasive coronary angiography, which can assess epicardial vessels.
  • 398
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tackling Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Antibiotics have played a crucial role in the reduction in the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) globally as evidenced by the fact that before the mid-20th century, the mortality rate within five years of the onset of the disease was 50%. The use of antibiotics has eliminated TB as a devastating disease, but the challenge of resistance to anti-TB drugs, which had already been described at the time of the introduction of streptomycin, has become a major global issue in disease management. 
  • 165
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cilia Distal Domain
Eukaryotic cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface to fulfill sensory and motility functions. Their basic structure consists of an axoneme templated by a centriole/basal body. Striking differences in ciliary ultra-structures can be found at the ciliary base, the axoneme and the tip, not only throughout the eukaryotic tree of life, but within a single organism. Defects in cilia biogenesis and function are at the origin of human ciliopathies. This structural/functional diversity and its relationship with the etiology of these diseases is poorly understood. Some of the important events in cilia function occur at their distal domain, including cilia assembly/disassembly, IFT (intraflagellar transport) complexes’ remodeling, and signal detection/transduction. How axonemal microtubules end at this domain varies with distinct cilia types, originating different tip architectures. Additionally, they show a high degree of dynamic behavior and are able to respond to different stimuli. The existence of microtubule-capping structures (caps) in certain types of cilia contributes to this diversity. 
  • 377
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bone Remodeling in Osteoarthritis
Bone morphogenesis (osteogenesis) is the process of formation and maintenance of bone tissue and is the result of bone formation and bone resorption. Both processes, bone formation (osteoproduction) and bone resorption (osteoresorption), are functionally balanced in the creation and maintenance of optimal functional structure, or homeostasis, of the skeletal system according to functional demands. Deviation from the physiological balance of these processes is manifested in pathological osteogenesis. One morphological substrate of pathological osteogenesis is osteophyte formation in osteoarthritis (OA).
  • 327
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Facultative Annual Life Cycles in Seagrasses
Plant species usually have either annual or perennial life cycles, but facultative annual species have annual or perennial populations depending on their environment. In terrestrial angiosperms, facultative annual species are rare, with wild rice being one of the few examples. 
  • 312
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Innovative Therapies for Wound Healing
Wound healing is divided into four overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling/maturation. During hemostasis, endothelial cells secrete the von Willebrand factor, favoring the adhesion of platelets, which release mediators. During the inflammatory phase mast cells promote vasodilation by the secretion of histamine or serotonin. During the proliferative phase, fibroblasts, in addition to being involved in the formation of granulation tissue, are involved both in the regulation of keratinocyte migration and proliferation other than in angiogenesis. The main processes that distinguish the maturation (or remodeling) phase are collagen restoration and wound contraction, the latter due to myofibroblasts originating from the fibroblasts.
  • 796
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Smoking on the Antioxidant System
Smoking is recognized as a significant risk factor for numerous disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory conditions, and various forms of cancer. While the exact pathogenic mechanisms continue to be explored, the induction of oxidative stress via the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely accepted as a primary molecular event that predisposes individuals to these smoking-related ailments. Oxidative stress represents a physiological condition characterized by an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative potentials.
  • 291
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Function of Methylcitrate Cycle in Pathogenic Fungi
In fungi, the methylcitrate cycle converts cytotoxic propionyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to pyruvate, which enters gluconeogenesis. The glyoxylate cycle converts acetyl-CoA to succinate, which enters gluconeogenesis. The tricarboxylic acid cycle is a central carbon metabolic pathway that connects the methylcitrate cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, and other metabolisms for lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Fungal citrate synthase and 2-methylcitrate synthase as well as isocitrate lyase and 2-methylisocitrate lyase, each evolved from a common ancestral protein. Impairment of the methylcitrate cycle leads to the accumulation of toxic intermediates such as propionyl-CoA, 2-methylcitrate, and 2-methylisocitrate in fungal cells, which in turn inhibits the activity of many enzymes such as dehydrogenases and remodels cellular carbon metabolic processes. The methylcitrate cycle and the glyoxylate cycle synergistically regulate carbon source utilization as well as fungal growth, development, and pathogenic process in pathogenic fungi.
  • 270
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenols as Antioxidant/Pro-Oxidant Compounds and Donors
Polyphenolic compounds are characterized by having at least one benzene ring with two or more hydroxyl (OH) groups. There are more than 8000 polyphenolic compounds in nature, classified into flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, and stilbenes.
  • 605
  • 19 Sep 2023
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