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Topic Review
The Formyl Peptide Receptors
The formyl peptide receptors, abbreviated as formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) in humans, are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with central roles in host defense and inflammation.
  • 515
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Formation,Application and Significance of Chicken PGCs
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the precursors for ova and sperm. One of the early embryogenesis events in most animals is the segregation of the somatic and germ lineages. PGC cultures occur in the germline, and PGCs are less studied in many species. It is relatively challenging to separate, cultivate, and genetically alter chicken without mutating the basic germline.
  • 345
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Formation of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) are commonly encountered in elderly individuals aged over 70 years, as they tend to be associated with brain atrophy. As the population ages worldwide, the incidence of CSDH is on the rise at an estimated rate of 1.7 to 21 per 100,000 people per year.
  • 494
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Formation of Biofilms
Biofilms are matrix-enclosed bacterial populations that are adherent to each other and to surfaces and/or interfaces and are mainly composed of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA.
  • 857
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Formation Mechanism of Pigeon Milk
Pigeon is an important economic poultry species in many countries. Pigeon milk is generally characterized by having high concentrations of proteins and lipids, and a complicated regulatory network is involved in the milk formation. Hormones, especially prolactin, could promote the proliferation of crop epidermal cells and nutrient accumulation. The expression of target genes associated with these important biological processes in the crop epidermis is affected by non-coding RNAs. Meanwhile, signaling pathways, such as target of rapamycin (TOR), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (JAK/STAT), protein kinase B (Akt), etc., influence the production of crop milk by either enhancing protein synthesis in crop cells or inducing apoptosis of crop epidermal cells.
  • 576
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Technique
Molecular cytogenetics, and particularly the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, allows a deeper investigation on the chromosomes of domestic animals to  perform various results such as (a) the physical map of DNA-sequences of specific chromosome regions; (b) the use of molecular markes to confirm or to correctly identify the chromosomes involved in chromosome abnormalities, (c) the detailed comparison between related and unrelated species by both FISH-mapping or Zoo-FISH; (d) the study of meiotic segregation, especially by sperm-FISH, in some chromosome abnormalities; (e) the establishment of genetic losses or gains occurring during the chromosome abnormalities by using the aCGH (array Comparative Genomic Hybridization).
  • 585
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Flavonoid Biosynthesis Network in Plants
Flavonoids have long been a major focus of research into secondary metabolism. We present a systematic summary of what is known of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in plants, presenting a model of flavonoid biosynthesis that includes eight branches (stilbene, aurone, flavone, isoflavone, flavonol, phlobaphene, proanthocyanidin, and anthocyanin biosynthesis) and four important intermediate metabolites (chalcone, flavanone, dihydroflavonol, and leucoanthocyanidin). 
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) Index
The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index is the first triaging tool for excluding advanced fibrosis because of its accuracy, simplicity, and cheapness, especially for general physicians or endocrinologists, although the FIB-4 index has several drawbacks. Accumulating evidence has suggested that vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test may become useful as the second step after triaging by the FIB-4 index. The leading cause of mortality in MAFLD is cardiovascular disease (CVD), extrahepatic malignancy, and liver-related diseases. MAFLD often complicates chronic kidney disease (CKD), resulting in increased simultaneous liver kidney transplantation. The FIB-4 index could be a predictor of not only liver-related mortality and incident hepatocellular carcinoma, but also prevalent and incident CKD, CVD, and extrahepatic malignancy.
  • 4.2K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
The Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation mediated by dysregulated immune responses to such factors as diet and microbiota. Fibrosis, which is a healing mechanism, becomes progressive and damaging in the scope of long-lasting IBD, in which persistent tissue damage and healing result in scar tissue formation.
  • 297
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent form of malignancy and second only to lung cancer as cause of deaths in women. Notwithstanding many progresses made in the field, metastatic BC has a very poor prognosis. As therapies are becoming more personalized to meet the needs of patients, a better knowledge of the molecular biology leading to the disease unfolds the possibility to project more precise compounds or antibodies targeting definite alteration at the molecular level and functioning on such cancer-causing molecules expressed in cancer cells of patients, or present as antigens on the surface of cancer cell membranes. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is one of such druggable targets, activated by its own ligands -namely the Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). This pathway provides a vast range of interesting molecular targets pursued at different levels of clinical investigation.
  • 719
  • 01 Nov 2020
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