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Topic Review
Copy Number Variations in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Neuropsychiatric disorders are complex conditions that represent a significant global health burden with complex and multifactorial etiologies. Technological advances have improved understanding of the genetic architecture of the major neuropsychiatric disorders and the genetic loci involved. Previous studies mainly investigated genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to elucidate the cross-disorder and disorder-specific genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although copy number variations represent a major source of genetic variations, they are known risk factors in developing a variety of human disorders, including certain neuropsychiatric diseases.
  • 135
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming and TME Remodeling inMetastasis
It is increasingly recognized that the complex heterogeneous nature of the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in the evolution and progression of cancer. The communication between matrix cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), via extracellular vesicles, serves as an essential mediator for the development, recurrence, and metastatic dissemination of several cancer types. The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) within the tumor microenvironment appears to be multifaceted and bidirectional as the initial release of EVs from cancer cells leads to the recruitment and activation of stromal cells, which includes cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), cancer-associated endothelial cells (CAEC), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). As tumor growth progresses, evidence suggests that EVs released from surrounding stromal cells drive the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells, and thus their progression to more metastatic phenotypes. Complementarily, as the release of EVs is enhanced during tumor growth, for certain tumors it allows their widespread diffusion and provides them with the potential to establish the pre-metastatic niche, which is necessary for the successful dissemination, colonization, and expansion of these cells to distant organ sites.
  • 145
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Mtb/HIV Co-Infection
Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection continues to pose a significant healthcare burden. HIV co-infection during TB predisposes the host to the reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI), worsening disease conditions and mortality. There is a lack of biomarkers of LTBI reactivation and/or immune-related transcriptional signatures to distinguish active TB from LTBI and predict TB reactivation upon HIV co-infection. Characterizing individual cells using next-generation sequencing-based technologies has facilitated novel biological discoveries about infectious diseases, including TB and HIV pathogenesis.
  • 196
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Beneficial Effects of Carotenoids
In humans, the beneficial effects of carotenoids have been widely investigated, including protection against oxidative stress, beneficial properties for eyesight, UV protection for the skin, anticancer properties, the enhancement of cognitive function, and prevention against age-related degenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases (blood pressure), and obesity. Some carotenoids (i.e., β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin) are precursors of vitamin A, a vitamin that, among other things, supports vision, immune function, development and growth, and reproduction.
  • 291
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Enhancing Biomass-Based Products through Metabolic Engineering
Living biological systems are fundamentally made up of information molecules and a series of enzymatic reactions. Numerous interconnected metabolic pathways simultaneously synthesize and break down thousands of organic macromolecules during cellular metabolic activity. In consequence, the expression of a native catabolic or anabolic pathway can be increased to boost the production of target compounds in an organism, or a pathway can be transferred from another organism. Additionally, genes can be knocked out using techniques such as homologous recombination or RNAi, which aims to reduce the mRNA of the unwanted protein. This can reduce carbon leakage and stop the production of unwanted compounds. Bacteria, yeast, and microalgae have been extensively studied for their potential to convert renewable biomass into high-added-value products. The metabolic pathways of these microorganisms have been manipulated to optimize the production of specific by-products. The use of these microorganisms as biofactories is attractive due to their rapid growth rate, high metabolic flexibility, and ability to produce a wide range of products. Their products have the potential to replace petroleum-based materials with sustainable, renewable alternatives and contribute to a greener and more sustainable future.
  • 198
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Dynamical Network Biomarkers Theory in Aging
Aging is the slowest process in a living organism. During this process, mortality rate increases exponentially due to the accumulation of damage at the cellular level. Cellular senescence is a well-established hallmark of aging, as well as a promising target for preventing aging and age-related diseases. Given that the appearance of senescent cells is considered to be a cell fate transition from the proliferative state to the non-proliferative state, similar to the critical transitions that occur during cell differentiation and symptom onset, it can be detectable by the dynamical network biomarkers (DNB) theory, which detects early warning signals just before bifurcation points, such as “the pre-disease state”.
  • 215
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mycorrhizal Symbioses in South America Grasslands and Pastures
The vast majority of natural ecosystems and agroecosystems are made up of high percentages of plants that form mycorrhizal symbioses. Grasslands in a good state of conservation present a high abundance and diversity of Glomeromycota species) capable of contributing to great ecological and environmental values due to their multiple attributes and functional traits. Grassland ecosystems, where many late successional native plant species are highly dependent on symbiotic interactions with AMF, are especially influenced by AM fungal associations. 
  • 188
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Novel Advances in Treatment of Meningiomas
Meningiomas are extra-axial, slow-growing, and (usually) benign tumors. These tumors arise from meningothelial cells of the arachnoid layer, so they can be encountered anywhere this type of cell is localized.
  • 302
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Anti-Cancer Therapies
The infiltration of primary tumors and metastasis formation at distant sites strongly impact the prognosis and the quality of life of cancer patients. Current therapies including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are limited in targeting the complex cell migration mechanisms responsible for cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-enveloped particles involved in inter-tissue and inter-cell communication. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TDEVs) impact cancer cell migration. They can not only be considered as a target for cancer therapy but can also be used for the development of anti-tumor therapeutic strategies.
  • 169
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Base Excision Repair Mechanisms
Base excision repair (BER) corrects forms of oxidative, deamination, alkylation, and abasic single-base damage that appear to have minimal effects on the helix. Since its discovery in 1974, the field has grown in several facets: mechanisms, biology and physiology, understanding deficiencies and human disease, and using BER genes as potential inhibitory targets to develop therapeutics.
  • 359
  • 26 Sep 2023
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