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Topic Review
In Vitro Culture of Panax ginseng Technologies
The use of in vitro tissue culture for herbal medicines has been recognized as a valuable source of botanical secondary metabolites. The tissue culture of ginseng species is used in the production of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, polysaccharides, and especially ginsenosides, which are utilized in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
  • 291
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Rendzinas of the Russian Northwest
Rendzinas in the taiga zone are intrazonal soils; moreover, all of their processes occur in ways that are different from podzolic soil formation, which is typical for the zonal taiga boreal ecosystem. At the same time, the habitats of carbonate soils are known as places in which there is a concentration of biodiversity in the more southern regions, as they are drier, are insolated, and have a higher trophic state than zonal podzols. The biotopes on carbonate soils are becoming more southern and are dominated by nemoralis species of flora, including abundant calciphilous plant species. Carbonate soils regulate biogeochemical processes within their distribution and in the geochemically subordinate landscapes of Northwest Russia. They are associated with the existence of a number of specially protected natural areas, as well as the implementation of a number of important ecosystem services. Carbonate soils of the southern taiga are endangered and require special protection. The belt of the carbonate soils in the northwestern Russian and Baltic regions extends to Poland and is the basis for the formation of a special landscape–ecological framework with specific biodiverse, biogeochemical, and geographical characteristics.
  • 238
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Advances in the Biosynthesis of L-Cysteine
L-Cysteine is a widely used unique sulfur-containing amino acid with wide application in the food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries.
  • 376
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Stem Cell Expression of Odontogenic Tumors and Cysts
Stem cells have been associated with self-renewing and plasticity and have been investigated in various odontogenic lesions in association with their pathogenesis and biological behavior. Stem cells might be linked to the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of odontogenic pathologies and represent a potential target for future individualized therapies.
  • 218
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Selective Modulators on the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a crucial role in maintaining various physiological processes in the body, including blood pressure regulation, electrolyte balance, and overall cardiovascular health. However, any compounds or drugs known to perturb the RAAS might have an additional impact on transmembrane ionic currents. Herein, a selection of chemical compounds or medications that have long been recognized as interfering with the RAAS are presented.
  • 185
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Electrospinning for Drug Delivery Systems
The term “drug delivery” refers to administrating the therapeutic effect of a pharmaceutical compound to humans or animals. Progress in the field of disease exploration is widely acknowledged, leading to ongoing research and development of advanced techniques for advanced drug delivery systems (DDSs). Electrospinning is a cost-effective and simple tool that is used for the preparation of drug delivery systems using natural, synthetic, and blended polymers. 
  • 323
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Carbon-Supported Noble-Metal Nanoparticles
Noble-metal nanoparticles (NMNPs), with their outstanding properties, have been arousing the interest of scientists for centuries. Although our knowledge of them is much more significant today, and people can obtain NMNPs in various sizes, shapes, and compositions, our interest in them has not waned. When talking about noble metals, gold, silver, and platinum come to mind first. Still, people cannot forget about elements belonging to the so-called platinum group, such as ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, and iridium, whose physical and chemical properties are very similar to those of platinum. It makes them highly demanded and widely used in various applications. The current knowledge on the preparation of all noble metals is presented in the form of nanoparticles and their assembling with carbon supports.
  • 317
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Obesity Treating Natural Products
Obesity is a global issue faced by many individuals worldwide. However, no drug has a pronounced effect with few side effects. Green tea, a well-known natural product, shows preventive effects against obesity by decreasing lipogenesis and increasing fat oxidation and antioxidant capacity. In contrast, other natural products are known to contribute to obesity. The natural products were classified as single compounds, foods, teas, fruits, herbal medicines—single extract, herbal medicines—decoction, and herbal medicines—external preparation. Then, the mechanisms of these medicines were organized into lipid metabolism, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, appetite loss, and thermogenesis. This research aimed to assess the efficacy and mechanisms of effective natural products in managing obesity. Several clinical studies reported that natural products showed antiobesity effects, including Coffea arabica (coffee), Camellia sinensis (green tea), Caulerpa racemosa (green algae), Allium sativum (garlic), combined Ephedra intermedia Schrenk, Thea sinensis L., and Atractylodes lancea DC extract (known as Gambisan), Ephedra sinica Stapf, Angelica Gigantis Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Coicis semen, Cinnamomi cortex, Paeoniae radixalba, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (known as Euiiyin-tang formula).
  • 262
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Delivery Systems for Carotenoids
Carotenoids are secondary metabolites present in microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, fungi, and microalgae) and higher plants. They cannot be produced by the human organism. In nature, their principal role is to attract different light wavelengths and transfer their energy to chlorophylls, a function occurring mainly in photosynthetic organisms. Moreover, they can act as photo-protectors, precursors of hormonal substances, antistress secondary metabolites, and attractive agents in plant–insect interaction.
  • 663
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Environmental Stress Response
Air pollution has increased over the years, causing a negative impact on society due to the many health-related problems it can contribute to. Although the type and extent of air pollutants are known, the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of negative effects on the human body remain unclear. Emerging evidence suggests the crucial involvement of different molecular mediators in inflammation and oxidative stress in air pollution-induced disorders. Among these, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play an essential role in gene regulation of the cell stress response in pollutant-induced multiorgan disorders.
  • 245
  • 27 Sep 2023
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