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Topic Review
The HPA Axis and Dreaming
This is an overview of research on dream recall/affect and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, discussing caveats regarding the action of hormones of the HPA axis (mainly cortisol and its free form, cortisol-binding globulin and glucocorticoid receptors). Results of studies regarding dream recall/affect and the HPA axis under physiological (such as waking) or pathological conditions (such as in Cushing’s syndrome or stressful situations) are presented.
  • 731
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Host Response to Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis is an important fungal disease that is found in many desert regions of the western hemisphere.
  • 137
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Hop2-Mnd1 Complex
The Hop2-Mnd1 complex was originally identified as a meiosis-specific factor that is indispensable for successful meiosis in budding yeast. Later, it was found that Hop2-Mnd1 is conserved from yeasts to humans, playing essential roles in meiosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that Hop2-Mnd1 promotes RecA-like recombinases towards homology search/strand exchange.
  • 344
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
The Honey Bee Apis mellifera
The honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus (1758) provides many benefits to humans and ecosystems. This species is an important pollinator in natural environments, which may help to preserve and restore the biodiversity of wild plants. On the other hand, pollination in agro-ecosystems by managed honey bee colonies may enhance crop yield and quality, meeting the increasing food demand. Beekeeping is also a high-valued and income-generating activity, which provides humans with honey as high-quality food as well as substances used as raw materials and in pharmaceuticals. In addition, the honey bee and its products are valuable bioindicators and bioaccumulators of environmental pollution: they provide valuable information on the impact of human activities, enabling the implementation of measures to mitigate risks to human and ecosystem health. The honey bee is also linked to many cultural ecosystem services and has a longstanding tradition in human culture, mysticism, and religion. Its popularity may be therefore used for educational purposes and to raise public awareness of important issues, such as the conservation of pollinator habitats and biodiversity.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The HMOX1 Pathway
Heme oxygenase (HMOX1) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting first step in the heme degradation process, generating carbon monoxide, ferrous, and biliverdin, and therefore HMOX1 has a cytoprotective role as excess free heme has been shown to induce apoptosis. HMOX1 is expressed at high levels in the lungs and has been shown to mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in mice. Given these functions of HMOX1, it has been implicated in a variety of pathological states, including myocardial infarction, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The upregulation of HMOX1 has been shown to have a protective role against the oxidative stress produced upon HIV, DENV, HCV, and IAV infections.
  • 577
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The HMGB Proteins History from Yeast to Cancer
Yeasts have been a part of human life since ancient times in the fermentation of many natural products used for food. In addition, in the 20th century, they became powerful tools to elucidate the functions of eukaryotic cells as soon as the techniques of molecular biology developed.
  • 311
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The HIF-Dependent Transcriptional Response
The Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) plays a major role in the cellular response to hypoxia by regulating the expression of many genes involved in adaptive processes that allow cell survival under low oxygen conditions. Adaptation to the hypoxic tumor micro-environment is also critical for cancer cell proliferation and therefore HIF-1 is also considered a valid therapeutical target. Despite the huge progress in understanding regulation of HIF-1 expression and activity by oxygen levels or oncogenic pathways, the way HIF-1 interacts with chromatin and the transcriptional machinery in order to activate its target genes is still a matter of intense investigation.
  • 342
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The HIF-1α and Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors in the clinic that is resistant to chemotherapy. Gastric tumors are rich in hypoxic niches, and high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is associated with poor prognosis. Hypoxia is the principal architect of the topographic heterogeneity in tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) reinforces all hallmarks of cancer and donates cancer cells with more aggressive characteristics at hypoxic niches. HIF-1α potently induces sustained growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and replicative immortality. Hypoxia leads to the selection of cancer cells that evade growth suppressors or apoptotic triggers and deregulates cellular energetics. HIF-1α is also associated with genetic instability, tumor-promoting inflammation, and escape from immunity. 
  • 541
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Hepatitis E Virus
In the 1980s, non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) was identified to be hepatitis E virus (HEV), and found to be the causative agent of large scale viral hepatitis outbreaks in developing countries.  One of the distinctive epidemiological features of an HEV outbreak is its association with a high pregnancy mortality rate, potentially reaching up to 35% mortality. HEV is ow recognized as the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. HEV is a 7.2 kb  quasi-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus with a positive-sense genome.  HEV has been difficult to grow in cell culture necessitating animal models to understand pathology.  Multiple animal models have been attempted to replicate pregnancy mortality and those trials are summarized herein.
  • 584
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
Hedgehog–GLI (HH) signaling plays an essential role in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant activation of the pathway through mutations or other mechanisms is involved in the development and progression of numerous types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, breast, prostate, hepatocellular and pancreatic carcinomas. Activation of HH signaling sustains proliferation, suppresses cell death signals, enhances invasion and metastasis, deregulates cellular metabolism and promotes angiogenesis and tumor inflammation. Targeted inhibition of the HH pathway has therefore emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers.
  • 842
  • 18 Jan 2023
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