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Topic Review
QED Coherence and Hormesis: Foundations of Quantum Biology
“Quantum biology” (QB) is a promising theoretical approach addressing questions about how living systems are able to unfold dynamics that cannot be solved on a chemical basis or seem to violate some fundamental laws (e.g., thermodynamic yield, morphogenesis, adaptation, autopoiesis, memory, teleology, biosemiotics). Current “quantum” approaches in biology are still very basic and “corpuscular”, as these rely on a semi-classical and approximated view. The important considerations of theory and experiments of the recent past in the field of condensed matter, water, physics of living systems, and biochemistry to join them by creating a consistent picture applicable for life sciences is summarized. Within quantum field theory (QFT), the field (also in the matter field) has the primacy whereby the particle, or “quantum”, is a derivative of it.
  • 340
  • 29 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Supplements for Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that causes difficulty while socializing and communicating and the performance of stereotyped behavior. ASD is thought to have a variety of causes when accompanied by genetic disorders and environmental variables together, resulting in abnormalities in the brain. To manage the symptoms of ASD pharmacological interventions are available but long term use show adverse effect on body so, non-pharmacological interventions like different diets or supplements can be used to manage the symptoms without adverse effect. 
  • 588
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sporothrix and Sporotrichosis
Sporothrix belongs to the fungal class Ascomycota and the order Ophiostomatales. It is a genus formed by filamentous fungi found in soil, plants, and decaying organic matter and includes pathogenic species for both humans and animals as well as environmental members. 
  • 351
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Optical Biosensors for COVID-19 and Other Viruses Diagnosis
The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a huge concern globally because of the astounding increase in mortality rates worldwide. The medical imaging computed tomography technique, whole-genome sequencing, and electron microscopy are the methods generally used for the screening and identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  • 288
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Farmers’ Perspectives on Precision Livestock Farming
Smart farming is a concept of agricultural innovation that combines technological, social, economic and institutional changes. It employs novel practices of technologies and farm management at various levels (specifically with a focus on the system perspective) and scales of agricultural production, helping the industry meet the challenges stemming from immense food production demands, environmental impact mitigation and reductions in the workforce. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) systems will help the industry meet consumer expectations for more environmentally and welfare-friendly production. However, the overwhelming majority of these new technologies originate from outside the farm sector. The adoption of new technologies is affected by the development, dissemination and application of new methodologies, technologies and regulations at the farm level, as well as quantified business models. Subsequently, the utilization of PLF in the pig and especially the poultry sectors should be advocated (the latter due to the foreseen increase in meat production). Therefore, more significant research efforts than those that currently exist are mainly required in the poultry industry. 
  • 301
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Molecular Basis of Fragile X-Premutation-Associated Conditions
The premutation of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene is characterized by an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats (55 to 200 CGGs) in the 5’ untranslated region and increased levels of FMR1 mRNA. Molecular mechanisms leading to fragile X-premutation-associated conditions (FXPAC) include cotranscriptional R-loop formations, FMR1 mRNA toxicity through both RNA gelation into nuclear foci and sequestration of various CGG-repeat-binding proteins, and the repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN)-initiated translation of potentially toxic proteins.
  • 538
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Insertion of Precursor Polypeptides into the ER Membrane
The protein import into the organelle termed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of about one-third of the different soluble and membrane proteins (MPs) of human cells and, therefore, represents a central cell biological research topic.
  • 237
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Zika Virus in Brief
The Zika virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family, stands as a testament to the ever-evolving landscape of global health concerns in the early 21st century. In its nascent years, this virus inhabited the shadows of medical obscurity, inflicting sporadic, seemingly inconsequential bouts of mild illness primarily within the continents of Africa and Asia. Its existence remained relegated to the annals of medical journals and local health records, with little resonance in the broader global health discourse. However, this viral entity was destined for a meteoric rise to infamy, an emergence that would reverberate throughout the international community. The watershed moment transpired in 2015 when the Zika virus, once a modest player on the infectious disease stage, seized the spotlight by inciting a large-scale epidemic that unfurled across the vast expanse of the Americas. This sudden and dramatic expansion of the virus's reach thrust it into the forefront of global public health concerns, sending shockwaves through scientific, medical, and governmental circles. As we embark on this comprehensive review, it is essential to unravel the multifaceted tapestry of the Zika virus's journey. Beyond its mere identification and characterization, this exploration will delve deep into its enigmatic origins, intricate modes of transmission, the myriad impacts it has wrought upon human health, and the concerted efforts undertaken globally to wrest control from its insidious grip. This virus, once consigned to relative obscurity, has compelled the world's attention, ushering in a new era of infectious disease management and prompting a collective response from the global community. The story of the Zika virus serves as both a cautionary tale and a testament to the resilience and adaptability of pathogens in the face of a changing world.
  • 212
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Leishmania Major in Brief
Leishmania major, a protozoan parasite of the Leishmania genus, is the causative agent behind cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a neglected tropical disease affecting millions globally. This parasite has a complex life cycle, involving sandfly vectors and mammalian hosts, with rodents serving as the primary reservoirs. L. major's biology plays a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. Infection begins when an infected sandfly bites a mammalian host, introducing promastigotes into the skin. These transform into amastigotes, multiplying within host macrophages, leading to characteristic skin lesions. The diversity in clinical manifestations of CL is influenced by factors like host immunity, parasite strain, and geographic location. Diagnosis involves methods such as microscopic examination, culturing, molecular assays, and serological tests, with molecular methods like PCR offering high sensitivity and specificity. Treatment options include antimonials, miltefosine, and amphotericin B, but challenges like drug resistance persist. Prevention and control efforts include vector control, reservoir management, and health education. While vaccines are under development, these approaches are crucial for reducing the disease's global burden. L. major remains a challenging pathogen, necessitating ongoing research and global collaboration to mitigate its impact on affected populations.
  • 212
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 in Biref
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is a single-stranded RNA virus from the coronavirus family. Its structure features an envelope studded with spike (S) proteins that facilitate entry into human cells, primarily respiratory epithelial cells. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets, making person-to-person transmission the predominant mode. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 vary, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to severe respiratory distress and organ failure, with some cases leading to death. Rapid diagnostic tests like RT-PCR and antigen tests help identify infections, crucial for containment efforts. The development of multiple vaccines, including mRNA-based ones like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, has been a breakthrough in the fight against the virus, although global vaccine distribution remains a challenge. Variants, like Delta and Omicron, pose ongoing concerns, underscoring the importance of continued research and adaptation. The pandemic has highlighted the need for global cooperation in public health crises and emphasized the significance of preparedness and resilience in the face of emerging infectious diseases.
  • 220
  • 28 Sep 2023
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