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Topic Review
The Landscape and Forms of Autophagy
Autophagy, a lysosome-mediated cellular degradation pathway, recycles intracellular components to maintain metabolic balance and survival. Autophagy plays an important role in tumor immunotherapy as a “double-edged sword” that can both promote and inhibit tumor progression.
  • 580
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Key Precursors of Brain Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA  is a principal substrate feeding tricarboxylic acid (TCA). cycle  and energy production. Brain displays high demand for energy due to high frequency of neuronal depolarizatio-repolarization cycles. Therefore, adequate provision of acetyl-CoA precursors is critical factor for proper neuronal activity and survival. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Ketogenic Diet
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a therapeutic option for individuals with sarcopenic obesity due to its positive effect on VAT, adipose tissue, cytokines such as blood biochemistry, gut microbiota, and body composition. A KD’s macronutrient profile is composed of 55 to 60% lipids, 30 to 35% protein, and 5 to 10% carbohydrates. This causes nutritional ketosis, in which fatty acids undergo partial beta-oxidation to produce ketone bodies, which are then used as a source of energy. Ketone bodies are used to replace glucose as a source of energy in most tissues throughout time. KD plays a role in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by lowering hunger and concurrently decreasing carbohydrate consumption, owing to two separate pathways, which include the general reduction of body weight and the modulation of insulin levels.
  • 491
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Keap1–Nrf2 Pathway
The Nrf2 is a transcription factor and it belongs to cap ‘n’ collar (CNC) basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein subfamilies.
  • 701
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
The Italian Alpine and Subalpine trouts
Among the valid nominal taxa of the native trouts described in the Italian peninsula and the major Italian islands, Salmo cettii Rafinesque-Schmaltz 1810 was described from Sicily (type locality: Val Demone in northeastern Sicily and Val di Noto in southeastern Sicily, no types known). S. marmoratus (Cuvier 1829) is a subendemism of northern Italy described from the “lacs de Lombardie" (syntypes not available). S. cenerinus Nardo 1847 was described from northeastern Italy (type locality: not far from the sea, in rivers draining to the Venetian lagoon; no types known). The original description of S. cenerinus was written from the late 1700s to the early 1800s by S. Chiereghin, and published posthumously; a summary of this description was first published by Nardo. S. macrostigma (Duméril 1858) has been considered by several authors as an Italian trout; however, it was described from North Africa (type locality: Oued-el-Abaïch, Kabylie, Algeria). S. ghigii Pomini 1941 was described from central Italy (type locality: Sagittario River; no types known). S. fibreni Zerunian and Gandolfi 1990, described from the Lake Posta Fibreno in central Italy, and S. carpio Linnaeus 1758, described from Lake Garda, are restricted endemisms defined by ecomorphological and genetic traits. The island of Sardinia might host an undescribed Salmo species (Segherloo et al.).
  • 594
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Involvement of GSTs in Mammalian Chemoperception
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are ubiquitous key enzymes with different activities as transferases or isomerases. As key detoxifying enzymes, GSTs are expressed in the chemosensory organs. They fulfill an essential protective role because the chemosensory organs are located in the main entry paths of exogenous compounds within the body. In addition to this protective function, they modulate the perception process by metabolizing exogenous molecules, including tastants and odorants.
  • 364
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Involvement of GSTs in Insect Chemoperception
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are ubiquitous key enzymes with different activities as transferases or isomerases. As key detoxifying enzymes, GSTs are expressed in the chemosensory organs. They fulfill an essential protective role because the chemosensory organs are located in the main entry paths of exogenous compounds within the body. 
  • 346
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Invasive Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir)
Senecio madagascariensis originates from southern Africa but it has been introduced to several other countries including Australia. Climatic suitability suggests that there are large areas around the world suitable for the weed’s growth where it is currently not present. The weed poses a major threat to livestock industries in these countries through its ability to reduce pasture production and poison animals. A range of control techniques has been used to try and manage S. madagascariensis. Besides using traditional approaches, the use of competitive pastures and more tolerant livestock (such as sheep and goats) are some of the other options recommended as part of an integrated approach. 
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Intricate Role of Non-Coding RNAs in DIC
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a type of tissue and organ dysregulation in sepsis, due mainly to the effect of the inflammation on the coagulation system. MicroRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs are studied in relation to DIC. Specifically, the axis between these non-coding RNAs and the corresponding affected pathway has been identified, including inflammation, alteration of the coagulation cascade, and endothelial damage. 
  • 325
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Intravitreal Space of the Eye
The intravitreal space comprises the majority of the eye’s volume and is located behind the lens of the eye. The vitreous chamber of the eye is mostly filled with a gel-like solution called the vitreous body. The vitreous body is 98.5–99.7% water containing salt soluble proteins and hyaluronic acid.
  • 441
  • 05 May 2022
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