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Topic Review
Roles of ERFs in Pathogen Response and Ripening
Fleshy fruits are generally hard and unpalatable when unripe; however, as they mature, their quality is transformed by the complex and dynamic genetic and biochemical process of ripening, which affects all cell compartments. Ripening fruits are enriched with nutrients such as acids, sugars, vitamins, attractive volatiles and pigments and develop a pleasant taste and texture and become attractive to eat. Ripening also increases sensitivity to pathogens, and this presents a crucial problem for fruit postharvest transport and storage: how to enhance pathogen resistance while maintaining ripening quality. Fruit development and ripening involve many changes in gene expression regulated by transcription factors (TFs), some of which respond to hormones such as auxin, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. Ethylene response factor (ERF) TFs regulate both fruit ripening and resistance to pathogen stresses. Different ERFs regulate fruit ripening and/or pathogen responses in both fleshy climacteric and non-climacteric fruits and function cooperatively or independently of other TFs. The research summarizes the current status of studies on ERFs that regulate fruit ripening and responses to infection by several fungal pathogens, including a systematic ERF transcriptome analysis of fungal grey mould infection of tomato caused by Botrytis cinerea. This deepening understanding of the function of ERFs in fruit ripening and pathogen responses may identify novel approaches for engineering transcriptional regulation to improve fruit quality and pathogen resistance.
  • 587
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Roles of MicroRNAs in Obesity
Obesity has become a global epidemic, contributing to the development of numerous chronic diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in various biological processes, including metabolism, inflammation, and tissue remodeling, making them pivotal players in obesity-related pathologies. 
  • 282
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Generalities about AB Toxins
AB toxins exhibit a protein structure, consisting of two distinct domains: a targeting domain and a catalytic (toxic) domain. Over time, these toxins have evolved into highly efficient carriers adept at delivering their catalytic domain into cells. The use of biotechnology to manipulate these proteins facilitates the development of potent and exquisitely precise protein ligands designed to specifically target cell surface receptors associated with cancer and deliver treatments in to these cells. Two noteworthy examples of such toxins are the Shiga toxin and the Anthrax toxin.
  • 462
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancers and Cardiovascular Diseases
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound vesicles used by cells to deliver biological cargo such as proteins, mRNA, and other biomolecules from one cell to another, thus inducing a specific response in the target cell and are a powerful method of cell to cell and organ to organ communication, especially during the pathogenesis of human disease. 
  • 248
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Carcinogenic Chromium on the Stress Response
Chromium (Cr) industries (metallurgical, chemical and refractory) employ several million workers worldwide. These workers may suffer from a variety of adverse health effects produced by airborne dusts, mists and fumes containing Cr in the hexavalent oxidation state, Cr(VI). Of major importance, occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds has been firmly associated with the development of lung cancer. Counterintuitively, Cr(VI) is largely unreactive towards most biomolecules, including nucleic acids and proteins. Yet, once inside cells, Cr(VI) undergoes reduction producing several species that react extensively with biomolecules. The diversity and chemical versatility of these species add great complexity to the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying Cr(VI) toxicity and carcinogenicity, which remain poorly understood. One such mechanism may involve the cellular stress response (also known as heat shock response), an intricate cellular system that combats proteotoxic stress, which is increasingly viewed as playing a critical role in carcinogenesis. Several studies, while not constituting a direct proof of a link between the cellular stress response and Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis, have shown the ability of Cr(VI) to modulate the expression of several components of this response under biologically relevant conditions.
  • 282
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Detection of the Stem End of Pomelo
For the detection of the stem end of pomelo, there are no standard or even clear detection and grading guidelines. Researchers usually determine the detectors by experience. The deep learning method is good at extracting the hidden information from labeled image datasets.
  • 290
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Potential Association between Cryptococcal Meningitis and Gut Microbiome
Cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of fungal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. Similar to other melanized microorganisms associated with human diseases, the cell wall-associated melanin of C. neoformans is a major virulence factor enabling it to evade host immune responses. The levels and formation of these melanins may be influenced by the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Studies have also found that C. neoformans infection can lead to dysbiosis of the human gut microbiota.
  • 323
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Epimedium Flavonoids
Epimedium is a classical Chinese herbal medicine, which has been used extensively to treat various diseases, such as sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and brain diseases. Flavonoids, such as icariin, baohuoside I, icaritin, and epimedin C, are the main active ingredients with diverse pharmacological activities.
  • 491
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Phytochemical of Euphorbia neriifolia
In the Indian subcontinents, Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. (EN) is one of the valuable plants from the big family of Euphorbiaceae, which is usually found in rocky and hilly areas. E. neriifolia was found to be useful in curing tumors, abdominal swelling, bronchial infection, hydrophobia, earache, cough and cold, asthma, leprosy, gonorrhea, spleen enlargement, leucoderma, snake bites, scorpion stings, and causing appetite improvement, etc. Different in vitro and in vivo experimental studies were performed to determine the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, wound healing, anti-atherosclerosis, radioprotective, anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant, anti-psychotic, anti-thrombotic, dermal irritation, hemolytic, analgesic, anti-fertility, diuretic, anti-microbial, anti-diarrheal, and anti-carcinogenic activities of the various parts of EN. Several bioactive compounds, such as euphol, nerifoliol, taraxerol, euphonerins A–G, lectin, etc., were isolated from E. neriifolia and need to be investigated further for various biological activities (cardiovascular and neuronal diseases). In the pharmaceutical sector, E. neriifolia was selected for the development of new drugs due to its broad pharmacological activities. 
  • 306
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Primary Retroperitoneal Carcinomas
Primary retroperitoneal carcinomas are very rare tumors. Their pathogenesis remains unknown but may be associated with that of ovarian carcinomas, considering the similarity in morphology and gender preference. Mucinous carcinoma, which develops in both women and men, may originate in both primordial germ cells and Walthard cell nests that may be derived from the fallopian tube. Serous carcinomas may be associated with endosalpingiosis and a remnant Müllerian tract. Endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas appear to be associated with extraovarian endometriosis. Additionally, both carcinomas in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes may be metastatic diseases from endometrial and/or renal cell cancers that regress spontaneously (carcinoma of unknown primary).
  • 299
  • 23 Oct 2023
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