Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Immune Landscape in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a dyscrasia of plasma cells (PCs) characterized by abnormal immunoglobulin (Ig) production. The disease remains incurable due to a multitude of mutations and structural abnormalities in MM cells, coupled with a favorable microenvironment and immune suppression that eventually contribute to the development of drug resistance. The bone marrow microenvironment (BMME) is composed of a cellular component comprising stromal cells, endothelial cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and immune cells, and a non-cellular component made of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the liquid milieu, which contains cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. The bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are involved in the adhesion of MM cells, promote the growth, proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance of MM cells, and are also crucial in angiogenesis and the formation of lytic bone lesions. Classical immunophenotyping in combination with advanced immune profiling using single-cell sequencing technologies has enabled immune cell-specific gene expression analysis in MM to further elucidate the roles of specific immune cell fractions from peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM) in myelomagenesis and progression, immune evasion and exhaustion mechanisms, and development of drug resistance and relapse. 
  • 463
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics of Circulating Tumor Cells
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as novel cancer biomarkers, were first described by Dr. Ashworth in 1869, and they were found to exist in the blood circulation of cancer patients with distant metastases. Analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) holds promise to diagnose cancer or monitor its development.
  • 240
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Prevention and Control Strategies for Maize White Spot
Maize white spot (MWS), caused by the bacterium Pantoea ananatis, is a serious disease that significantly impacts maize production and productivity. Researchers from various countries worldwide have conducted extensive research on this pathogen, including its isolation and identification, the localization of resistance genes, transmission pathways, as well as potential control measures.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Carotenoid Colorants from Plants and Microalgae
The substitution of synthetic food dyes with natural colorants continues to be assiduously pursued. The current list of natural carotenoid colorants consists of plant-derived annatto (bixin and norbixin), paprika (capsanthin and capsorubin), saffron (crocin), tomato and gac fruit lycopene, marigold lutein, and red palm oil (α- and β-carotene), along with microalgal Dunaliella β-carotene and Haematococcus astaxanthin and fungal Blakeslea trispora β-carotene and lycopene. Potential microalgal sources are being sought, especially in relation to lutein, for which commercial plant sources are lacking.
  • 330
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lead, Barium, Nickel and Cardiovascular Health
Lead (Pb) is a natural part of our environment. In urban areas, lead is predominantly found in housepaint but is also found in the air due to the burning of gasoline with lead additives. Barium (Ba) is ubiquitous in nature in a water-insoluble state as either barium sulfate or barium carbonate. Common exposures include ingestion of barium-containing materials and barium-contaminated water. Human exposure to nickel (Ni) occurs primarily via contamination of drinking water and food; nickel is highly mobile in soil and is, therefore, able to readily contaminate water and food supplies. Environmental pollution from nickel can also occur secondary to industrial processes, fuel burning, and inappropriate disposal of waste products.
  • 240
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Phenomenon of Ash Dieback
Common ash F. excelsior is a species with demanding soil requirements, needing fertile, moist sites with neutral pH. For many years, common ash was considered a species resistant to diseases, including pathogenic oomycetes of the genus Phytophthora. 
  • 347
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Role of Antioxidants in Maternal Diet during Pregnancy
Chronic diseases represent one of the major causes of death worldwide. It has been suggested that pregnancy-related conditions, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), maternal obesity (MO), and intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) induce an adverse intrauterine environment, increasing the offspring’s predisposition to chronic diseases later in life. There are several CD risks factors an individual can manage. Recent research suggested that the intrauterine environment, which is modulated by maternal behaviors and disease, severely influences the offspring’s CD development risk.
  • 378
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Four Species of Plague Locust
South Africa has four species of recognized plague locusts that have caused economic damage to crops and rangeland grazing, with plagues of some of the species posing a serious threat to agricultural production in South Africa at different times in recorded history over the past 380 years. The plague locusts in order of current economic importance in South Africa are the brown locust, Locustana pardalina (Walker), the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides, (Reiche and Fairmaire), the red locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serville) and the southern African desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria flaviventris (Burmeister). 
  • 291
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pharmaceuticals and Pollution
Environmental pollution is a growing threat to natural ecosystems and one of the world’s most pressing concerns. The increasing worldwide use of pharmaceuticals has elevated their status as significant emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals enter aquatic environments through multiple pathways related to anthropogenic activity.
  • 339
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanofiber in Water, Energy, and Food Sectors
Fibers can originate from two main sources, natural and synthetic fibers. Natural fibers refer to the fibers obtained from plants, animals, and minerals. Natural resources including water, energy, and food have an increase in demand due to the global population increases. The sustainable management of these resources is an urgent global issue. These resources combined in a very vital nexus are called the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. The field of nanotechnology offers promising solutions to overcome several problems in the WEF nexus.
  • 251
  • 15 Nov 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 1815
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback