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Topic Review
Training vs. Tolerance of the Innate Immune System
Trained immunity represents a functional state of the innate immune cells and tissue-resident stem cells adjusting their response to subsequent insults, characterized particularly by a prolonged activation after a resting period, orchestrated mainly by epigenetic reprogramming and the metabolic rewiring of cells. It describes a property of innate immune system to mount memory-like responses against past microbial and non-microbial challenges. In contrast, the refractory state of endotoxin tolerance as opposing reaction of trained immunity has been extensively elaborated and defined as an immunosuppressive state of myeloid cells portrayed by a significant reduction in the inflammatory capacity. Both opposing adaptive reactions of the innate immune system are of fundamental interest since they may represent a double-edged sword counteracting each other, protecting or driving the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory diseases. 
  • 525
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Training in the Dark
Accelerometers offer unique opportunities to study the behaviour of cryptic animals but require validation to show their accuracy in identifying behaviours. This validation is often undertaken in captivity before use in the wild. While zoos provide important opportunities for trial field techniques, they must consider the welfare and health of the individuals in their care and researchers must opt for the least invasive techniques.
  • 326
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Trained Immunity against Emerging Respiratory Pathogens
Although parental vaccines offer long-term protection against homologous strains, they rely exclusively on adaptive immune memory to produce neutralizing antibodies that are ineffective against emerging viral variants. Growing evidence highlights the multifaceted functions of trained immunity to elicit a rapid and enhanced innate response against unrelated stimuli or pathogens to subsequent triggers. Training immunity is pertinent in the advent of unprecedented respiratory infections, which are usually limited to the timeline of vaccine development.
  • 882
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TRAILR2/DR5-Mediated Activation of Apoptosis upon Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
The uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells in growing tumors results in the generation of different stressors in the tumor microenvironment, such as nutrient shortage, hypoxia, and acidosis, among others, that disrupt endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and may lead to ER stress. As a response to ER stress, both normal and tumor cells launch a set of signaling pathways known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER proteostasis and maintain cell viability and function. However, under sustained ER stress, an apoptotic cell death process can be induced, although the role of the (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2/DR5)-activated extrinsic pathway of apoptosis has not yet been thoroughly summarized.
  • 547
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Elegia Species
This review provides constructive and extensive information about the botanical characterization, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Elegia. The genus Elegia L. is the second largest of the Restionaceae family, comprising 52 species, which are mainly used as materials for thatching. A comprehensive search of previously published literature was performed for studies on this genus, using databases with different key search words. This survey documented 52 Elegia species summarizing their previous taxonomic classification. In addition, 14 species were found to be studied for their phytochemical profile, revealing 14 chemical compounds. Concerning their biological activities, only one species (E. tectorum (L.f.) Moline and H.P.Linder) is reported for its anti-wrinkle activity. Moreover, two species are locally used for thatching and as materials for brooms. The present review highlights the Elegia genus as an important source of bioactive phytochemicals with flavonol glycosides being the main metabolites and reveals the uncharted territory of this genus for new research studies.
  • 479
  • 23 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Traditional Management of Cancer
Cancer, a generic term for a large group of diseases, may affect any part of the body. It is one of the world’s most horrifying diseases triggered by uncontrolled cellular proliferation. The development and progression of cancer are caused by an oncogene, the tumor suppressor gene (TSG), and alterations of the microRNA gene.
  • 868
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Traditional Japanese Distilled Liquor, shochu
The traditional Japanese single distilled liquor, which uses koji and yeast with designated ingredients, is called “honkaku shochu.” It is made using local agricultural products and has several types, including barley shochu, sweet potato shochu, rice shochu, and buckwheat shochu. In the case of honkaku shochu, black koji fungus (Aspergillus luchuensis) or white koji fungus (Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii) is used to (1) saccharify the starch contained in the ingredients, (2) produce citric acid to prevent microbial spoilage, and (3) give the liquor its unique flavor.
  • 877
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Traditional Fermented Foods in Korea
Fermented foods are loved and enjoyed worldwide and are part of a tradition in several regions of the world. Koreans have traditionally had a healthy diet since people in this region have followed a fermented-foods diet for at least 5000 years. Fermented-product footprints are evolving beyond boundaries and taking the lead in the world of food. Fermented foods, such as jang (fermented soybean products), kimchi (fermented vegetables), jeotgal (fermented fish), and vinegar (liquor with grain and fruit fermentation), are prominent fermented foods in the Korean culture.
  • 2.4K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Traditional Detection Technology of Transgenic Maize
Genetically modified (GM) maize is one of the earliest GM crops to have achieved large-scale commercial cultivation globally, and it is of great significance to excel in the development and implementation of safety policy regarding GM, and in its technical oversight.The extraction technology of maize has an important impact on the quality of nucleic acid detection.The traditional nucleic acid detection technology used in maize covers variable-temperature amplification, isothermal amplification detection technology and gene chip technology.
  • 469
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Traditional Bulgarian Dairy Products
Dairy products are nutritionally indispensable, consumed daily and one of the most desired foods by a large part of the world population. 
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Jun 2021
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