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Topic Review
Behavioral Ecology of European Plethodontid Salamanders
Plethodontid salamanders (family Plethodontidae) are often used as model organisms to better understand different aspects of behavioral adaptation. This contributed to increase the interest from ethologists and evolutionary biologists regarding amphibian behavioral ecology. The recent advancements on the behavioral ecology of European cave salamanders belonging to the genus Speleomantes are presented herein. Several aspects of Speleomantes behavior were investigated, such as trophic strategies and parental care, while others were neglected, in particular, chemical communication at the intraspecfic level. Possible future directions for successful research should integrate field observations and planned experiments to understand those topics still uninvestigated (e.g., chemical communication and behavioral adaptation that facilitate the permanent colonization of subterranean habitats).
  • 248
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biological Materials for Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts
The clinical demand for tissue-engineered vascular grafts is still rising, and there are many challenges that need to be overcome to obtain functional grafts with appropriate biological and mechanical properties. The many advances made in cell culture, biomaterials, manufacturing techniques, and tissue engineering methods have led to various promising solutions for vascular graft production, and materials from natural sources have recently gained more attention for vascular tissue engineering, as new strategies have been developed to solve the disadvantages related to their use.
  • 235
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Natural Chalcones and Derivatives in Colon Cancer
Colon cancer poses a complex and substantial global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Chalcones, a versatile class of compounds with diverse pharmacological properties, have emerged as promising candidates for addressing colon cancer. Their ability to modulate pivotal signaling pathways in the development and progression of colon cancer makes them invaluable as targeted therapeutics. Nevertheless, it is crucial to recognize that although chalcones exhibit promise, further pre-clinical studies are required to validate their efficacy and safety. The journey toward effective colon cancer treatment is multifaceted, involving considerations such as optimizing the sequencing of therapeutic agents, comprehending the resistance mechanisms, and exploring combination therapies incorporating chalcones.
  • 207
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Encapsulation Techniques for Probiotics
Probiotic encapsulation techniques can be categorized into two types: chemical (coacervation, ionic gelation, and molecular inclusion), and physical (spray drying, freeze drying, spray chilling, spray cooling, extrusion, fluidized bed drying, electrospraying, and electrospinning). Probiotic cells are between 1 and 5 μm in size and their viability must be maintained during the encapsulation process. The main encapsulation processes for probiotics are freeze drying, spray drying, ionic gelation, complex coacervation, electrospraying, and electrospinning.
  • 305
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Noncoding RNAs Involved in Diverse Flowering Pathways
Noncoding RNAs constitute a substantial portion of the transcriptome and play pivotal roles in plant growth and development. Among these processes, flowering stands out as a crucial trait, ensuring reproductive success and seed set, and is meticulously controlled by genetic and environmental factors. With remarkable advancements in the identification and characterization of noncoding RNAs in plants, it has become evident that noncoding RNAs are intricately linked to the regulation of flowering time. The regulation of flowering encompasses a complex network of interconnected pathways influenced by both internal and external factors. Early investigations in model plants unveiled several key pathways governing flowering time, including the photoperiodic, autonomous and vernalization, age, and GA pathways. Among the pivotal regulators of flowering, noncoding RNAs have emerged as participants in various flowering pathways.
  • 212
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
BPH-Resistance Gene Mapping
The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH) is one of the most serious pests that harm rice production. N. lugens soaks up phloem sap by inserting needle-like stylets into the vascular tissue of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Utilizing the inherent resistance has been widely considered as the most cost-effective method for sustainable BPH control. To date, more than 49 BPH-resistance genes/QTLs have been detected and rice varieties containing one or more BPH-resistance genes/QTLs have been developed to reduce the loss of rice yield induced by BPH feeding.
  • 178
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Host–Parasitoid Phenology under Climate Change
Climate change raises a serious threat to global entomofauna—the foundation of many ecosystems—by threatening species preservation and the ecosystem services they provide.
  • 347
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Calcineurin B-like Proteins in Plants under Salt Stress
Salinity stands as a significant environmental stressor, severely impacting crop productivity. Plants exposed to salt stress undergo physiological alterations that influence their growth and development. Meanwhile, plants have also evolved mechanisms to endure the detrimental effects of salinity-induced salt stress. Within plants, Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins act as vital Ca2+ sensors, binding to Ca2+ and subsequently transmitting signals to downstream response pathways. CBLs engage with CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), forming complexes that regulate a multitude of plant growth and developmental processes, notably ion homeostasis in response to salinity conditions.
  • 376
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors in Food Industry
Volatile compounds not only contribute to the distinct flavors and aromas found in foods and beverages, but can also serve as indicators for spoilage, contamination, or the presence of potentially harmful substances. As the odor of food raw materials and products carries valuable information about their state, gas sensors play a pivotal role in ensuring food safety and quality at various stages of its production and distribution. Among gas detection devices that are widely used in the food industry, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors are of the greatest importance. Ongoing research and development efforts have led to significant improvements in their performance, rendering them immensely useful tools for monitoring and ensuring food product quality.
  • 793
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Physiological and Anti-Tumor Activities of Vitamin C
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, ascorbate, VC) is an essential nutrient for the normal maintenance of cellular functions, such as neural pathways, molecule biosynthesis (e.g., collagen, norepinephrine), immune signaling, chromatin remodeling, and cell division. This versatile nutrient has the potential as an anti-tumor agent. At high doses, it acts as a pro-oxidant, selectively targeting cancer cells. At low doses, it acts as an antioxidant, enhancing anti-tumor immunity. VC's potential lies in its ability to target cancer stem cells (CSCs), the self-renewing cells responsible for tumor recurrence and chemoresistance. Recent studies suggest that VC can selectively target CSCs via epigenetic and metabolic pathways. Understanding how VC exerts anti-tumor activity by targeting CSCs provides a rationale for its use in cancer treatment.
  • 153
  • 05 Dec 2023
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