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Topic Review
3D Live Cell Imaging Challenges
Relevant samples are described and various problems and challenges—including 3D Challenges of 3D imaging by optical sectioning, light scattering and phototoxicity—are addressed. Furthermore, enhanced methods of wide-field or laser scanning microscopy together with some relevant examples and applications are summarized. In the future one may profit from a continuous increase in microscopic resolution, but also from molecular sensing techniques in the nanometer range using e.g., non-radiative energy transfer (FRET).
  • 728
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
3D Microenvironment Cell Culture in Snake Venom Research
Snake venoms are a natural biological source of bioactive compounds, mainly composed of proteins and peptides with specific pathophysiological functions. The diversity of protein families found in snake venoms is reflected by the range of targets and toxicological effects observed, and consequently, a wide variety of potential pharmacological activities. In this context, in vitro biomimetic models such as spheroid and organoid systems, which are three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models, enable extensive screening and identification of substances with pharmacological potential and the determination of the mechanisms underlying their activities.
  • 442
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
3D Modeling of Epithelial Tumors
The current statistics on cancer show that 90% of all human cancers originate from epithelial cells. Breast and prostate cancer are examples of common tumors of epithelial origin that would benefit from improved drug treatment strategies. About 90% of preclinically approved drugs fail in clinical trials, partially due to the use of too simplified in vitro models and a lack of mimicking the tumor microenvironment in drug efficacy testing. This entry focuses on the epithelial cancers, followed by experimental models designed to recapitulate the epithelial tumor structure and microenvironment. A specific focus is to put on novel technologies for cell culture of spheroids, organoids, and 3D-printed tissue-like models, utilizing biomaterials of natural or synthetic origins, and how the models could be utilized for nanotechnology-based drug delivery in the future.
  • 646
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
3D Organoids
The 3D organoid model system represents a powerful tool for capturing the physiology of the normal or neoplastic esophagus. These 3D organoids are easily manipulatable, require little patient material, and are amenable to medium- or high-throughput screening. While no studies have yet leveraged the 3D organoid system to characterize the functional consequences of microbiome alterations in esophageal neoplasia, this system has been applied to other cancer types.
  • 469
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
3D Printing of Agri-Food Processing Wastes
With increasing evidence of their relevance to resource recovery, waste utilization, zero waste, a circular economy, and sustainability, food-processing waste streams are being viewed as an aspect of both research and commercial interest. Accordingly, different approaches have evolved for their management and utilization. With excellent levels of customization, three-dimensional (3D) printing has found numerous applications in various sectors. The focus of this work is to explain the state of the art, innovative interventions, and promising features of 3D printing technology for the valorization of agri-food processing waste streams. Based on recent works, this article covers two aspects: the conversion of processing waste streams into edible novel foods or inedible biodegradable materials for food packing and allied applications. However, this application domain cannot be limited to only what is already established, as there are ample prospects for several other application fields intertwining 3D food printing and waste processing. In addition, this entry presents the key merits of the technology and emphasizes research needs and directions for future work on this disruptive technology, specific to food-printing applications.
  • 734
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
3D Printing Technologies in Biosensors Production
Three-dimensional (3D) printing was born in 1986, with the publication of Chuck Hull’s patent, who invented stereolithography; it has evolved and differentiated, with the introduction of new printing techniques and numerous materials with different characteristics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
3D Tissue and Organ Reconstruction
Bi-dimensional culture systems have represented the most used method to study cell biology outside the body for over a century. Although they convey useful information, such systems may lose tissue-specific architecture, biomechanical effectors, and biochemical cues deriving from the native extracellular matrix, with significant alterations in several cellular functions and processes. Notably, the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) platforms that are able to re-create in vitro the structures of the native tissue, have overcome some of these issues, since they better mimic the in vivo milieu and reduce the gap between the cell culture ambient and the tissue environment. 3D culture systems are currently used in a broad range of studies, from cancer and stem cell biology, to drug testing and discovery. 
  • 592
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
3D Tumor Spheroid to Model Tumor Microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic entity composed of malignant and non-malignant cells, including innate and adaptive immune cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells, pericytes, and the extracellular matrix (ECM).  Both the physical and biochemical features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a critical role in promoting the differentiation, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. It is therefore essential to understand how malignant cells interact and communicate with an assortment of supportive tumor-associated cells including macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and other immune cells. To study the complex mechanisms behind cancer progression, 3D spheroid and organoid models are widely in favor because they replicate the stromal environment and multicellular structure present within an in vivo tumor. It provides more precise data about the cell–cell interactions, tumor characteristics, drug discovery, and metabolic profile of cancer cells compared to oversimplified 2D systems and unrepresentative animal models. 
  • 365
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
3D-LC
Three-dimensional liquid chromatography (3D-LC) is the consecutive combination of 3 independent LC techniques to decrease the complexity of proteome digest samples. 3D-LC systems can be performed in an online or offline manner. Ideally, each dimension in a 3D-LC system is completely orthogonal to the others.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
3MC Syndrome
3MC syndrome is a disorder characterized by unusual facial features and problems affecting other tissues and organs.
  • 573
  • 31 Dec 2020
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