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Topic Review
Characterization and Biodegradation Role of the Copepod-Associated Microbiome
Copepods are the most abundant organisms in marine zooplankton and the primary components of the food chain. They are hotspots for highly adaptable microorganisms, which are pivotal in biogeochemical cycles. The microbiome, encompassing microorganisms within and surrounding marine planktonic organisms, holds considerable potential for biotechnological advancements. Despite marine microbiome research interests expanding, the understanding of the ecological interactions between microbiome and copepods remains limited.
  • 126
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology Platform for Advancing Vaccine Development Against COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on societies, public health, healthcare systems, and the world economy. Vaccination emerged as the most effective strategy to combat this infectious disease. For vaccination strategies, any conventional vaccine approach using attenuated live or inactivated/engineered virus, as well as other approaches, typically requires years of research and assessment. However, the urgency of the situation promoted a faster and more effective approach to vaccine development against COVID-19. The role of nanotechnology in designing, manufacturing, boosting, and delivering vaccines to the host to counter this virus was unquestionably valued and assessed.
  • 286
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Drought and Temperature Stress Induced Flowering
Plants experience a variety of adverse environments during their vegetative growth and reproductive development, and to ensure that they complete their life cycle successfully, they have evolved specific defense mechanisms to cope with unfavorable environments. Flowering is a vital developmental stage and an important determinant of productivity in the lifetime of plants, which can be vulnerable to multiple abiotic stresses. Exposure to stress during this period can have dramatic effects on flower physiological and morphological development, which may ultimately lead to a substantial loss of yield in seed-producing plants. However, there has been increasing research evidence that diverse abiotic stresses, ranging from drought, low temperature, and heat stress can promote or delay plant flowering.
  • 308
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can synthesize a variety of polysaccharides. These comprise a large group of high-molecular-weight molecules consisting of monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond, which exhibit a variety of structures, functional properties, and biological activities. Polysaccharides are one of the main components involved in the formation of the extracellular biofilm matrix. LAB-produced exopolysaccharides (EPS) can be applied in food products, including dairy products, gluten-free bakery products, and low-fat meat products, as they positively influence the consistency, stability, and quality of the final product.
  • 105
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Regulatory TR3-56 Cells in Immune Activation and Regulation
The interplay between immune activation and immune regulation is a fundamental aspect of the functional harmony of the immune system. This delicate balance is essential to triggering correct and effective immune responses against pathogens while preventing excessive inflammation and the immunopathogenic mechanisms of autoimmunity. The knowledge of all the mechanisms involved in immune regulation is not yet definitive, and, probably, the overall picture is much broader than what has been described in the scientific literature so far. Given the plasticity of the immune system and the diversity of organisms, it is highly probable that numerous other cells and molecules are still to be ascribed to the immune regulation process. 
  • 155
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Toxoplasma gondii in Marine Life of Italian Coasts
Coastal areas of Italy experience high anthropogenic pressure, with a population density estimated to be 360 people per km2. This is correlated with the production of sewage or surface runoff of water contaminated with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and other pathogens that can in turn enter the food chain and become a public health concern.
  • 207
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biosensor for the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus
Avian influenza is caused by avian influenza virus infection; the H5N1 avian influenza virus is a highly pathogenic subtype, affecting poultry and human health. Since the discovery of the highly pathogenic subtype of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, it has caused enormous losses to the poultry farming industry. It was recently found that the H5N1 avian influenza virus tends to spread among mammals. Therefore, early rapid detection methods are highly significant for effectively preventing the spread of H5N1. 
  • 111
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Diatom–Bacteria Interactions in the Marine Environment
Diatom–bacteria interactions evolved during more than 200 million years of coexistence in the same environment. In this time frame, they established complex and heterogeneous cohorts and consortia, creating networks of multiple cell-to-cell mutualistic or antagonistic interactions for nutrient exchanges, communication, and defence. The most diffused type of interaction between diatoms and bacteria is based on a win-win relationship in which bacteria benefit from the organic matter and nutrients released by diatoms, while these last rely on bacteria for the supply of nutrients they are not able to produce, such as vitamins and nitrogen. Despite the importance of diatom–bacteria interactions in the evolutionary history of diatoms, especially in structuring the marine food web and controlling algal blooms, the molecular mechanisms underlying them remain poorly studied.
  • 226
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Metabolomics Perspective on Microbiome Research
Recent advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have catalyzed a deeper exploration of the human microbiome and its intricate relationship with metabolic health. Researchers examine the influence of dietary choices on the production of microbial metabolites and provide a comprehensive review of studies investigating the interplay between enterotypes and diet. The goal is to contribute to the refinement of personalized dietary recommendations and provide valuable insights to advance the understanding of metabolic health.
  • 189
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Metastasis-Initiating Cells
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy with a high prevalence of transcoelomic metastasis. Metastasis is a multi-step process and only a small percentage of cancer cells, metastasis-initiating cells (MICs), have the capacity to finally establish metastatic lesions. These MICs maintain a certain level of stemness that allows them to differentiate into other cell types with distinct transcriptomic profiles and swiftly adapt to external stresses. Furthermore, they can coordinate with the microenvironment, through reciprocal interactions, to invade and establish metastases. Therefore, identifying, characterizing, and targeting MICs is a promising strategy to counter the spread of ovarian cancer. 
  • 258
  • 22 Dec 2023
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