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Topic Review
Allogeneic CAR-T Therapy Technologies
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has become a real treatment option for patients with B-cell malignancies, while multiple efforts are being made to extend this therapy to other malignancies and broader patient populations. However, several limitations remain, including those associated with the time-consuming and highly personalized manufacturing of autologous CAR-Ts. Technologies to establish “off-the-shelf” allogeneic CAR-Ts with low alloreactivity are currently being developed, with a strong focus on gene-editing technologies. Although these technologies have many advantages, they have also strong limitations, including double-strand breaks in the DNA with multiple associated safety risks as well as the lack of modulation. As an alternative, non-gene-editing technologies provide an interesting approach to support the development of allogeneic CAR-Ts in the future, with possibilities of fine-tuning gene expression and easy development.
  • 138
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
MALAT-1 Modulates Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer
Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1 (MALAT-1) is a long intergenic non-coding RNA (lncRNA) located on chr11q13. It is overexpressed in several cancers and controls gene expression through chromatin modification, transcriptional regulation, and post-transcriptional regulation. Importantly, MALAT-1 stimulates cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis and serves a vital role in driving the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), subsequently acquiring cancer stem cell-like properties and developing drug resistance. MALAT-1 modulates EMT by interacting with various intracellular signaling pathways, notably the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. It also behaves like a sponge for microRNAs, preventing their interaction with target genes and promoting EMT. 
  • 107
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cis-Regulatory Elements in Mammals
In cis-regulatory elements, enhancers and promoters with complex molecular interactions are used to coordinate gene transcription through physical proximity and chemical modifications. These processes subsequently influence the phenotypic characteristics of an organism. An in-depth exploration of enhancers and promoters can substantially enhance researchers' understanding of gene regulatory networks, shedding new light on mammalian development, evolution and disease pathways.
  • 141
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Ventricular Tachycardia
The use of catheter-based irreversible electroporation in clinical cardiac laboratories, termed pulsed-field ablation (PFA), is gaining international momentum among cardiac electrophysiology proceduralists for the non-thermal management of both atrial and ventricular tachyrhythmogenic substrates. One area of potential application for PFA is in the mitigation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) risk in the setting of ischemia-mediated myocardial fibrosis, as evidenced by recently published clinical case reports. The efficacy of tissue electroporation has been documented in other branches of science and medicine.
  • 177
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cetacean Strandings in Chile between 2015 and 2020
Strandings caused by anthropogenic factors are one of the most worrying threats in relation to the conservation of cetacean species, and in the case of Chile, due to its geography and large extension of the coastline, monitoring and access to these events is difficult, making their study more complex. According to the Chilean government official database, researchers described that the main causes of unusual mortality events (UME) and mass strandings from 2015 and 2016 were acute poisoning by biotoxins and strandings by multiple possible causes, respectively, while individual strandings would have their causes in anthropogenic activities, such as entanglements in fishing and aquaculture gears and collisions with vessels. The predominant species in mass strandings was the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis). The geographical area of greatest prominence in mass strandings was the Aysén Region in the Central Patagonia of Chile, while the species mostly involved in individual strandings along the south-central, central, and northern coasts of Chile was the small porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis). The most common gross pathological findings were advance decay of the carcasses and non-specific wounds of different natures.
  • 132
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Organic Food Impact on Human Health
Organic agriculture has gained more popularity, yet its approach to food production and its potential impact on consumers’ health and various environmental aspects remain to be fully discovered. The goal of organic farming practices is to maintain soil health, sustain ecological systems, maintain fairness in its relationship with the environment and protect the environment in its entirety. Various health benefits have been associated with higher consumption of organic foods.
  • 412
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Chitosan as a Control Tool for Insect Pest
Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin that gained much attention due to its biological activities. Chitosan can be produced by the exoskeleton of arthropods (crustaceans and insects) and structural membranes and spores of fungi. Its application has spread to many sectors, including pharmaceutical, medical, veterinary, food and agricultural. In the latter one, chitosan is applied to improve the interaction between plants and microorganisms and metabolisms of plants, fruits and germination. In addition, chitosan is demonstrated to enhance the availability and stabilization of insecticides and essential oils. Several chitosan formulations were studied as tools for insect pest control.
  • 221
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Tick-Borne Diseases in the United States
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have become a significant public health concern in the United States over the past few decades. The increasing incidence and geographical spread of these diseases have prompted the implementation of robust surveillance systems to monitor their prevalence, distribution, and impact on human health.
  • 280
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms
Under the Climate Change scenario, the occurrence of Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms (HCBs) is an increasingly concerning problem. Particularly for inland freshwaters, that have human populations depending on them for consumption or recreation, HCBs can lead to serious ecological damages and socio-economic impacts, but also to health risks for local communities. 
  • 108
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cyanobacteria as a Biocatalyst for Biofuel Production
Photosynthetic microorganisms such as algae and cyanobacteria exhibit significant potential as third-generation biofuel catalysts, devoid of the limitations associated with contemporary biofuels. Cyanobacteria, a type of photosynthetic prokaryotes, exhibit significant potential for the direct conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into biofuels, chemicals, and various other valuable compounds. There has been a growing interest in the concept of utilising biological processes to convert carbon dioxide into fuels and chemicals.
  • 123
  • 18 Jan 2024
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