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Topic Review
Air Pollution on Human Microbial Community
A balanced microbiota composition is requisite for normal physiological functions of the human body. Several environmental factors such as air pollutants may perturb the human microbiota composition. It is noticeable that currently around 99% of the world’s population is breathing polluted air. Air pollution’s debilitating health impacts have been studied scrupulously, including in the human gut microbiota.
  • 738
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Airborne Bacteria in Dairy Farms
The environmental quality of farms plays an important role in the food safety of the dairy industry because it may influence the microbial communities in milk. The microorganisms present in the different areas of a farm have an influence on this environmental quality, using the air as a vehicle of dissemination. However, the ability of this airborne microbial community to contaminate the milk, like the sources of origin of these microorganisms, has not been well studied in dairy farms until now. 
  • 531
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
AIRE Gene
autoimmune regulator
  • 392
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Airsacculitis
Airsacculitis, also known as air sacculitis, aerosacculitis, air sac disease, air sac infection, air sac syndrome and simply sac disease, is a common inflammatory condition of air sacs that occurs in birds and is caused by various microbial (mostly bacterial) taxa. Having multiple different causative agents, the condition is widely distributed around the world. Since the disease is highly infectious it is especially dangerous for domesticated birds (poultry) bred on big farms. Occurrence of airsacculitis in big flocks can mean high economic loss, as infected poultry needs to be carefully observed, with all of the infected tissue disposed of and not used for human food. In severe cases of the disease whole infected bird carcasses need to be disposed. Usually the disease affects younger birds, aged between 6 and 12 weeks. The most characteristic sign of airsacculitis is an inflamed mucous membrane of bird air sacs, which swells and becomes red, with infected birds exhibiting different symptoms, such as coughing, lethargy, swelling of the neck, difficult breathing, appetite and weight loss etc. The same term is used for bacterial infection and subsequent inflammation of laryngeal air sacs in non-human primates.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathobiology
The features of allergic asthma are believed to be mediated mostly through the Th2 immune response. In this Th2-dominant concept, the airway epithelium is presented as the helpless victim of Th2 cytokines. Asthma researchers started believing in that the airway epithelium played a crucial role, as alarmins, which are the inducers of type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2), are almost exclusively secreted by the airway epithelium. This underscores the eminence of airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesis. However, the airway epithelium has a bipartite functionality in sustaining healthy lung homeostasis and asthmatic lungs. On the one hand, the airway epithelium maintains lung homeostasis against environmental irritants/pollutants with the aid of its various armamentaria, including its chemosensory apparatus and detoxification system. Alternatively, it induces an ILC2-mediated type 2 immune response through alarmins to amplify the inflammatory response. However, the available evidence indicates that restoring epithelial health may attenuate asthmatic features.
  • 280
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Airway Inflammation
The effects of airway inflammation on airway smooth muscle (ASM) are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα).
  • 742
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Airway Smooth Muscle Calcium Handling Mechanisms and Estrogens
Cell calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is maintained by a finely tuned Ca2+ signaling system made-up of numerous Ca2+ transporters (channels, exchangers, and pumps) regulating the influx and efflux of this cation from the cytoplasm to preserve its balance. Ca2+ homeostasis is essential for the cell. As a second messenger, Ca2+ signaling regulates various cellular processes that depend on the Ca2+ concentration. It is well known that Ca2+ regulates exocytosis, contraction, protein phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, metabolism, gene transcription, fecundation, cell proliferation, and even apoptosis. In the ASM, Ca2+ homeostasis keeps intracellular basal Ca2+ concentrations (b[Ca2+]i) at around 100–150 nM, while Ca2+ concentrations in the intracellular stores and extracellular space are higher (5–10 mM and 2 mM, respectively) creating a large chemical gradient in favor of Ca2+ influx into the cytosol. In order to regulate [Ca2+]i, numerous proteins exist to facilitate the cellular influx and efflux of Ca2+. Among the calcium-handling proteins, the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs), store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCCs), receptor-operated Ca2+ channel (ROCCs), transient receptor potential channels (TRPs), and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in its reverse form (NCXREV) as influx mechanisms located in the cellular membrane can be included. On the other hand, the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger (NCX) and the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) are efflux mechanisms located in the cellular membrane.
  • 265
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Airway Structural Changes in Asthma
Increased airway wall thickness and remodeling of bronchial mucosa are characteristic of asthma and may arise from altered integrin signaling on airway cells. Here, we analyzed the expression of β1-subfamily integrins on blood and airway cells (flow cytometry), inflammatory biomarkers in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage, reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickness and collagen deposits in the mucosa (histology), and airway geometry (CT-imaging) in 92 asthma patients (persistent airflow limitation subtype: n=47) and 36 controls. Persistent airflow limitation was associated with type-2 inflammation, elevated soluble α2 integrin chain, and changes in the bronchial wall geometry. Both subtypes of asthma showed thicker RBM than control, but collagen deposition and epithelial α1 and α2 integrins staining were similar. Type-I collagen accumulation and RBM thickness were inversely related to the epithelial expression of the α2 integrin chain. Expression of α2β1 integrin on T-cells and eosinophils was not altered in asthma. Collagen I deposits were, however, more abundant in patients with lower α2β1 integrin on blood and airway CD8+ T-cells. Thicker airway walls in CT were associated with lower α2 integrin chain on blood CD4+ T-cells and airway eosinophils. Our data suggest that α2β1 integrin on inflammatory and epithelial cells may protect against airway remodeling advancement in asthma.
  • 573
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Akhirin
The structure of AKH comprises two von Willebrand factor-A (vWF-A) domains and one Limulus factor C, Coch-5b2 and Lgl1 (LCCL) domain. The chick AKH has an open reading frame of 748 amino acid residues, and the mouse AKH has an open reading frame of 650 amino acid residues (A). AKH has relatively high homology to vitrinand cochlin.
  • 461
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Akkermansia muciniphila
Akkermansia muciniphila is one of the early occupants (in first year of life) of the intestinal tract with 108 cell/gm or more than 1% of total faecal microbes.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2021
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