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Topic Review
Wearable Devices to Characterize Animal Behavior
The information that can be deduced from animal behaviors is diverse. Unlike in the past, these behaviors can now be monitored for extended periods of time, thanks to the many advanced tools and sensors. The changes in behavioral patterns can provide many indications and clues about various aspects of the animals’ needs and status.
  • 253
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid by L. plantarum
Given the important role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in human health, scientists have paid great attention to the enrichment of this chemical compound in food using various methods, including microbial fermentation. Moreover, GABA or GABA-rich products have been successfully commercialized as food additives or functional dietary supplements. Several microorganisms can produce GABA, including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. Among GABA-producing microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly used in the production of many fermented foods. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) is a LAB species that has a long history of natural occurrence and safe use in a wide variety of fermented foods and beverages. Within this species, some strains possess not only good pro-technological properties but also the ability to produce various bioactive compounds, including GABA.
  • 130
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Satellite Non-Coding Transcription as a Response Mechanism
Organisms are often subjected to conditions that promote cellular stress. Cell responses to stress include the activation of pathways to defend against and recover from the stress, or the initiation of programmed cell death to eliminate the damaged cells. One of the processes that can be triggered under stress is the transcription and variation in the number of copies of satellite DNA sequences (satDNA), which are involved in response mechanisms. Satellite DNAs are highly repetitive tandem sequences, mainly located in the centromeric and pericentromeric regions of eukaryotic chromosomes, where they form the constitutive heterochromatin. Satellite non-coding RNAs (satncRNAs) are important regulators of cell processes, and their deregulation has been associated with disease.
  • 109
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Endothelial Cells in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is an articulated psychiatric syndrome whose faded etiologic framework is characterized by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. It is notoriously explained by an intertwining of a positive and negative symptomatology, from Crow’s SCZ classification in type I (with a syndromic picture marked by a positive clinical condition) and type II (with a negative evolution of the clinical conditions), and subsequent debate, until the last Diagnostic Statistic Manual classification.
  • 143
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Immunosuppression in Sepsis
Severe infection can lead to sepsis. In sepsis, the host mounts an inappropriately large inflammatory response in an attempt to clear the invading pathogen. This sustained high level of inflammation may cause tissue injury and organ failure. Later in sepsis, a paradoxical immunosuppression occurs, where the host is unable to clear the preexisting infection and is susceptible to secondary infections. A major issue with sepsis treatment is that it is difficult for physicians to ascertain which stage of sepsis the patient is in. Sepsis treatment will depend on the patient’s immune status across the spectrum of the disease, and these immune statuses are nearly polar opposites in the early and late stages of sepsis.
  • 154
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Clinical Symptoms and Diagnosis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis
The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the arboviral etiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), considered to be one of the most important tick-borne viral diseases in Europe and Asia. 
  • 106
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Antioxidant Compounds in Gluten-Free Bread’s Technological Quality
The crucial trigger for the purchase and consumption of many food products as well as gluten-free bread (GFB) relies on an appealing visual impression. Considering technological quality attributes such as pale crust and crumb color, reduced volume, undeveloped crumb structure, and crumbly texture, it is evident that GFB lags compared to wheat counterparts as a consequence of the used ingredients. Alongside the enhanced nutritional profile, plant-based antioxidants’ inclusion in GFB induces changes in the appearance, color, texture, aroma, and taste of such GFB products, which can negatively affect consumer acceptability. Hence, it is essential to determine the maximal tolerable addition values of plant-based antioxidants depending on their origin. Commonly assessed indicators of antioxidant compound-enriched GFB’s technological quality are crust and crumb color, volume and specific volume, crust and crumb texture parameters, primarily hardness, and, to a smaller extent, bake loss, crumb structure, and water activity, as minutely discussed in the following sections. Additionally, changes in the crust and crumb color and hardness were monitored during storage (up to 3 or 7 days).
  • 159
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Shoot Apical Meristem
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to the aerial structure of plants by producing lateral organs and other meristems. The SAM is responsible for plant developmental patterns, thus determining plant morphology and, consequently, many agronomic traits such as the number and size of fruits and flowers and kernel yield.
  • 192
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
General Overview of Klebsiella pneumonia
The opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) can colonize mucosal surfaces and spread from mucosae to other tissues, causing fatal infections. Medical equipment and the healthcare setting can become colonized by Klebsiella species, which are widely distributed in nature and can be found in water, soil, and animals. Moreover, a substantial number of community-acquired illnesses are also caused by this organism worldwide. These infections are characterized by a high rate of morbidity and mortality as well as the capacity to spread metastatically. Hypervirulent Klebsiella strains are thought to be connected to these infections. Four components are critical to this bacterium’s pathogenicity—the capsule, lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, and siderophores. 
  • 169
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Circulating miRNAs and Preeclampsia
miRNAs are single-stranded non-coding RNAs, 20–24 nt long, which control mRNA expression. Changes in miRNA expression can induce a variation in the relative mRNA level and influence cellular homeostasis, and the strong presence of miRNAs in all body fluids has made them useful biomarkers of several diseases. Preeclampsia is a multifactorial disease, but the etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The functions of trophoblasts, including differentiation, proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, are essential for a successful pregnancy.
  • 125
  • 01 Feb 2024
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