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Topic Review
Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides in Wild Mushrooms
Alpha-emitting radioisotopes are the most radiotoxic nuclides among all radionuclides. Especially medium- and long-living isotopes that enter the body, are hazardous metals of the greatest importance from the human life point of view. This review focuses on the most common natural and anthropogenic origin alpha-emitting radionuclides in wild mushrooms around the world. Mushrooms are considered as suitable bioindicators of environmental pollution with some metallic elements, for the reason they bioaccumulate a range of mineral ionic constituents including radioactive elements at different levels. Various species have different retain capacities of individual radionuclides. In turn, wild edible mushrooms are food products, mostly consumed regionally and also traded at an international scale. Mushrooms under pollution events situation might cause a risk to consumers due to exposure to highly radiotoxic decay particles produced by alpha emitters.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neurodegenerative
Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes in the cytoplasm that regulate inflammation activation in the innate immune system in response to pathogens and to host self-derived molecules. The NLRP3 belongs to the subfamily of NLRP which activates caspase 1, thus causing the production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and interleukin 18) and pyroptosis. This inflammasome is involved in multiple neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and gout. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Precision Agriculture
According to a recent definition of Precision Agriculture (PA), developed by the International Society of Precision Agriculture, the term refers to a management strategy, which uses acquisition, processing, analysis, and combination with other information of temporal, spatial, and other data in order to facilitate decision-making based on the estimated variability. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Sequencing and Its Applications
The immune system is a dynamic feature of each individual and a footprint of our unique internal and external exposures. Indeed, the type and level of exposure to physical and biological agents shape the development and behavior of this complex and diffuse system. Many pathological conditions depend on how our immune system responds or does not respond to a pathogen or a disease or on how the regulation of immunity is altered by the disease itself. T-cells are important players in adaptive immunity and, together with B-cells, define specificity and monitor the internal and external signals that our organism perceives through its specific receptors, TCRs and BCRs, respectively. Today, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) applied to the TCR repertoire has opened a window of opportunity to disclose T-cell repertoire development and behavior down to the clonal level. Although TCR repertoire sequencing is easily accessible today, it is important to deeply understand the available technologies for choosing the best fit for the specific experimental needs and questions. Here, an updated overview of TCR repertoire sequencing strategies, providers and applications to infectious diseases and cancer to guide researchers’ choice through the multitude of available options is provided. The possibility of extending the TCR repertoire to HLA characterization will be of pivotal importance in the near future to understand how specific HLA genes shape T-cell responses in different pathological contexts and will add a level of comprehension that was unthinkable just a few years ago.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Phytosterols
Phytosterols are important constituents of plant cells structural analogous of mammalian cholesterol, that have been shown to exert very important biological effects, such as hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities in the human body.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Autism
AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that belongs to basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH)/Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) family, which is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, and cancer imitation. AhR plays an important role in various physiological pathways, including host defense, immunity, stem cell maintenance, cell differentiation, and xenobiotic metabolism. It was initially believed that AhR is activated only by a group of environmental pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Chemical Enzymology of Monoamine Oxidase
Monoamine oxidase (E.C. 1.4.3.4) enzymes MAO A and MAO B are FAD-containing proteins located on the outer face of the mitochondrial inner membrane, retained there by hydrophobic interactions and a transmembrane helix. The redox co-factor (FAD) is covalently attached to a cysteine and buried deep inside the protein behind an aromatic cage that aligns substrates towards the flavin. MAO metabolizes neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin in the nervous system so is a target for drugs to modify amine levels. MAO also metabolizes a wide range of biogenic amines in all tissues. Current accumulated evidence, particularly from theoretical modelling, supports hydride transfer as the chemical mechanism. The long active site cavity accommodates a wide chemical variety of small molecules designed as inhibitors, including coumarins, chromones, triazoles, and more. Inactivators that bind covalently to MAO include hydrazines, cyclopropylamines and propargylamines. This entry is an extract adapted from a review outlining the remaining uncertainties in the understanding of this key drug target.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
SPEECHLESS, MUTE and FAMA
Stomatal density, spacing, and patterning greatly influence the efficiency of gas exchange, photosynthesis, and water economy. They are regulated by a complex of extracellular and intracellular factors through the signaling pathways. After binding the extracellular epidermal patterning factor 1 (EPF1) and 2 (EPF2) as ligands, the receptor-ligand complexes activate by phosphorylation through the MAP-kinase cascades, regulating basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Biological Functions of Coffee
Coffee is a Rubiaceae coffee plant ranked as the first of the three most important beverages in the world, with effects including lowering blood sugar, protecting the liver, and protecting the nerves. Coffee contains many chemical components, including alkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and so on. Chemical components in coffee are the basis of its biological function and taste.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Key Precursors of Brain Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA  is a principal substrate feeding tricarboxylic acid (TCA). cycle  and energy production. Brain displays high demand for energy due to high frequency of neuronal depolarizatio-repolarization cycles. Therefore, adequate provision of acetyl-CoA precursors is critical factor for proper neuronal activity and survival. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2022
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