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Saud, S.; Salamatullah, A. Biological Functions of Coffee. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/21933 (accessed on 08 August 2024).
Saud S, Salamatullah A. Biological Functions of Coffee. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/21933. Accessed August 08, 2024.
Saud, Shah, Ahmad Salamatullah. "Biological Functions of Coffee" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/21933 (accessed August 08, 2024).
Saud, S., & Salamatullah, A. (2022, April 19). Biological Functions of Coffee. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/21933
Saud, Shah and Ahmad Salamatullah. "Biological Functions of Coffee." Encyclopedia. Web. 19 April, 2022.
Biological Functions of Coffee
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/molecules26247634

Coffee is a Rubiaceae coffee plant ranked as the first of the three most important beverages in the world, with effects including lowering blood sugar, protecting the liver, and protecting the nerves. Coffee contains many chemical components, including alkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and so on. Chemical components in coffee are the basis of its biological function and taste.

coffee biological activities

1. Bioactivity of Coffee

Coffee contains a large number of bioactive substances, with antioxidant, lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, neuroprotective, and other biological activities.

2. Antioxidant Activity

Plant phenols are a large and diverse group, including cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanins, stilbenes, coumarins, lignan compounds and lignins with different properties [1][2][3][4]. In in vitro tests, plant phenols are known to have strong antioxidant activity. Based on this, it is speculated that plant phenols may protect cell DNA and prevent free radical damage in the body. Since free radicals play an important role in inducing cardiovascular and cancer diseases, the consumption of plant polyphenols can effectively prevent the occurrence of such diseases.
It was claimed that four out of five epidemiological observational ones show that flavonols can prevent heart disease, but only one out of five was showed that it has the effect of preventing cancer. Therefore, the evidence obtained for the prevention of cancer by flavonols is obviously unconvincing. In addition, other types of plant polyphenols also need to be further investigated.

3. Lipid-Lowering Effect

3T3-L1 adipocytes were used to evaluate the effects of coffee fruits of different colors (green, yellow and red) on adipogenesis and/or lipolysis, and the results showed that green coffee fruits of different colors all had the activity of inhibiting adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes [5]. Dried red coffee reduced fat accumulation by about 47%. In addition, all the main components of coffee extract (malic acid, quinic acid, and chlorogenic acid) except yellow fresh coffee increased the release of glycerol. At the same time, It has been also confirmed that coffee pulp can reduce cholesterol in vitro and in vivo by down-regulating LXRα activity modulated by NPC1L and inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption by micellar complex formation [6].

4. Lowering Blood Sugar

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease in which blood sugar levels increase due to relative or absolute lack of insulin. Drug therapy and diet management are the main treatments for diabetes. Caffeine, chlorogenic acid, trigonelline and other main components in coffee all have the effect of lowering blood sugar. In [7], it was conducted a hypoglycemic effect one on small coffee and its leaf ethanol extract, and found that coffee extract can significantly reduce the blood sugar content of mice. Caffeol has potential anti-diabetic effects which can increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and increase the uptake of glucose by human skeletal muscle cells [8].

5. Neuroprotection

Epidemiological ones have shown that habitual coffee consumption may reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease [9], and the coffee intake of male patients with primary Parkinson’s disease is negatively correlated with the severity of tremor [10]. In the APP/PS2 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, However, many reports have shown that many compounds in coffee can independently have neuroprotective effects, suggesting that decaffeinated coffee is also effective against neurodegenerative diseases. Polyphenolic acids (for example, chlorogenic and caffeic acids) and trigonelline appear to be the most promising, but unlike caffeine, there is a lack of epidemiological ones or clinical reports on their protective effects in neurodegenerative diseases.

6. Inflammatory, Cardiovascular Activity and Effects of Coffee on Sleep Wakefulness Cycle

The crude extract of coffee peel can protect and restore damaged human umbilical vein endothelial cells to a certain extent [12]. The combination of coffee extract and vitamin C can play an anti-tumor role [13]. The methanol extract of green coffee bean has certain anti-inflammatory activity [14]. Coffee has a protective effect on the liver, and coffee consumption can reduce the risk of HCC recurrence and increase the chance of survival after orthotopic liver transplantation [15]. Coffee was negatively associated with the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [16]. It was suggested that the caffeine in a cup of coffee in the morning can not only keep you awake [17], but also help suppress inflammation, which is linked to risk factors for heart disease. Researchers have discovered an inflammatory response mechanism in some elderly people. It is produced in the human body, but not in elderly people. When it is heavily activated, people often have high blood pressure and severe atherosclerosis [18]. In laboratory tests, however, it has been shown that caffeine blocks this inflammatory process and that coffee also has a certain effect on the cardiovascular system. It is mainly caused by stimulating the sympathetic nerves of the heart and causing arousal. Symptoms such as tightness in the chest. The normal heart is innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems [19]. When it is dormant at night, the parasympathetic nerve is usually the main stimulus. At this point it manifests as bradycardia and relatively low blood pressure. Try sympathetic nerve control during the day. Especially during physical exertion, emotional excitement and when drinking coffee, drinking, smoking and tea, the sympathetic nerves are stimulated to excite them, which leads to palpitations and tightness in the chest.

References

  1. Hafsah, H.; Iriawati, I.; Syamsudin, T.S. Dataset of volatile compounds from flowers and secondary metabolites from the skin pulp, green beans, and peaberry green beans of robusta coffee. Data Brief 2020, 29, 105219.
  2. Shu, Y.; Qiu, M. Studies on the Chemical Constituents And Bioactivity of Roastedcoffee Beans of Coffea Arabica Growing in Yunnan. Master’s Thesis, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China, 2014.
  3. Yashin, A.; Yashin, Y.; Wang, J.Y.; Nemzer, B. Antioxidant and Antiradical Activity of Coffee. Antioxidants 2013, 2, 230–245.
  4. Belitz, H.D.; Grosh, W.; Schieberle, P. Coffee, Tea, Cocoa. Food Chemistry, New York; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009.
  5. Rawel, H.M.; Kulling, S.E. Nutritional contribution of coffee, cacao and tea phenolics to human health. J. Consum. Prot. Food Saf. 2007, 2, 399–406.
  6. Richelle, M.; Tavazzi, I.; Offord, E. Comparison of antioxidant activity of consumed polyphenolic beverages (coffee, cocoa and tea) prepared per cup serving. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 3438–3442.
  7. Duangjai, A.; Nuengchamnong, N.; Suphrom, N. Potential of coffee fruit extract and quinic acid on adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Kobe J. Med. Sci. 2018, 64, E84–E92.
  8. Ontawong, A.; Duangjai, A.; Muanprasat, C.; Pasachan, T.; Pongchaidecha, A.; Amornlerdpison, D.; Srimaroeng, C. Lipid-lowering effects of Coffea arabica pulp aqueous extract in Caco-2 cells and hypercholesterolemic rats. Phytomedicine 2019, 52, 187–197.
  9. Martina, S.J.; Govindan, P.A.P.; Wahyuni, A.S. The Difference in Effect of Arabica Coffee Gayo Beans and Leaf (Coffea Arabica Gayo) Extract on Decreasing Blood Sugar Levels in Healthy Mice. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci. 2019, 7, 3363–3365.
  10. Mellbye, F.B.; Jeppesen, P.B.; Shokouh, P. Cafestol, a bioactive substance in coffee, has antidiabetic properties in KKAy mice. J. Nat. Prod. 2017, 80, 2353–2359.
  11. Socała, K.; Aleksandra, S.; Anna, S.; Ewa, P.; Wlaź, P. Neuroprotective Effects of Coffee Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 107.
  12. Ishida, K.; Yamamoto, M.; Misawa, K.; Nishimura, H.; Misawa, K.; Ota, N.; Shimotoyodome, A. Coffee polyphenols prevent cognitive dysfunction and suppress amyloid β plaques in APP/PS2 transgenic mouse. Neurosci. Res. 2020, 154, 35–44.
  13. Cho, B.-H.; Choi, S.-M.; Kim, B.C. Gender-dependent effect of coffee consumption on tremor severity in de novo Parkinson’s disease. BMC Neurol. 2019, 19, 194.
  14. Fu, X.P.; Zhang, Y.H.; Gu, D.H. Effect on anti-oxidative injuriesof human umbilical vein endothelial cell of crude extracts from Yunnan arabica coffee husk. Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 41, 183–188.
  15. El-Garawani, I.M.; El-Nabi, S.H.; El-Shafey, S.; ElFiky, M.; Nafie, E. Coffea arabica Bean Extracts and Vitamin C: A Novel Combination Unleashes MCF-7 Cell Death. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2020, 21, 23–36.
  16. Pergolizzi, S.; D’Angelo, V.; Aragona, M.; Dugo, P.; Cacciola, F.; Capillo, G.; Dugo, G.; Lauriano, E.R. Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of green coffee beans methanolic extract in rat skin. Nat. Prod. Res. 2018, 34, 1535–1541.
  17. Wiltberger, G.; Wu, Y.; Lange, U.; Hau, H.-M.; Tapper, E.; Krenzien, F.; Atanasov, G.; Benzing, C.; Feldbrügge, L.; Csizmadia, E.; et al. Protective effects of coffee consumption following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2019, 49, 779–788.
  18. Vitaglione, P.; Mazzone, G.; Lembo, V.; D’Argenio, G.; Rossi, A.; Guido, M.; Savoia, M.; Salomone, F.; Mennella, I.; De Filippis, F.; et al. Coffee prevents fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat diet by modulating pathways of the gut–liver axis. J. Nutr. Sci. 2019, 8, e15.
  19. O’Callaghan, F.; Muurlink, O.; Reid, N. Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy 2018, 11, 263–271.
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