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Topic Review
History of Global Germplasm Conservation System
Conservation of plant genetic resources has become an urgent activity as these resources are quickly disappearing, both in the wild as well as on farmers’ fields. In particular crop wild relatives and farmers varieties, also known as landraces, which are of particular interest for plant breeding, are under severe threat of extinction. As crop genetic resources are quite dispersed, regionally and even globally, germplasm conservation efforts require regional and, in many instances, global coordination. Thus, since the 1950s FAO has been actively involved, together with institutions such as IBPGR in the establishment and operation of a global ex situ conservation system, and where possible, effectively linked with in situ and on-farm management activities. This global system has somewhat spontaneously evolved and thus, the current system reflects still strongly the history of its ‘evolution’. To improve the present global system and make it more efficient, it is necessary to analyse and understand the historical and political aspects of its development and ‘evolution’ and this is the focus of the present paper. 
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Goldenrod
Solidago, commonly called goldenrods, is a genus of about 100 to 120 species of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. Most are herbaceous perennial species found in open areas such as meadows, prairies, and savannas. They are mostly native to North America, including Mexico; a few species are native to South America and Eurasia. Some American species have also been introduced into Europe and other parts of the world.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sea Buckthorn
Sea buckthorn is a dioecious and anemophilous plant, the pollination of female blossoms is possible by wind. It withstands well on poor soils and is able to tolerate extreme temperatures ranging from −40 °C to +40 °C. Since it has low requirements on growing conditions, it behaves invasively if it grows in low humid, alluvial gravel, wet landslips, and riverside.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
T Cells and Adaptive Immune System in SARS-CoV-2
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Prior COVID-19 research on immunogens understandably focused on nAb responses, with less interest in overall cellular immunity. Interestingly, there is data accumulating which suggests that T cell responses are an important player in both natural and adaptive immunity as well as vaccine protection against chronic COVID-19 disease.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Swine Influenza
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) refers to any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, identified SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is rare, and does not always lead to human flu, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission causes human flu, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infections. Around the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes was made possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness, shortness of breath, and general discomfort. It is estimated that, in the 2009 flu pandemic, 11–21% of the then global population (of about 6.8 billion), equivalent to around 700 million to 1.4 billion people, contracted the illness—more, in absolute terms, than the Spanish flu pandemic. There were 18,449 confirmed fatalities. However, in a 2012 study, the CDC estimated more than 284,000 possible fatalities worldwide, with numbers ranging from 150,000 to 575,000. In August 2010, the World Health Organization declared the swine flu pandemic officially over. Subsequent cases of swine flu were reported in India in 2015, with over 31,156 positive test cases and 1,841 deaths.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Human Neural Stem Cell Systems
       Building and functioning of the human brain requires the precise orchestration and execution of myriad molecular and cellular processes, across a multitude of cell types and over an extended period of time. Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) represent the heart of these processes, since they increase the pool of neural progenitors and are the founders of all the neural progeny which will constitute the adult human brain.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Giant Cheetah
The giant cheetah (Acinonyx pardinensis) is an extinct felid species that was closely related to the modern cheetah.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Avocado–Soybean Unsaponifiables (ASU)
Avocado and soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) constitute vegetable extracts made from fruits and seeds of avocado and soybean oil. Characterized by its potent anti-inflammatory effects, this ASU mixture is recommended to act as an adjuvant treatment for osteoarthritic pain and slow-acting symptomatic treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis; autoimmune diseases; diffuse scleroderma and scleroderma-like states (e.g., morphea, sclerodactyly, scleroderma in bands). Besides, it can improve the mood and quality of life of postmenopausal women in reducing menopause-related symptoms. 
  • 1.4K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Antifungal/Antibacterial Activity of Peppermint Oil and Cornmint Oil
The genus mint (Mentha) belongs to the Lamiaceae family and includes 42 species, 15 hybrids, and hundreds of subspecies, varieties, and cultivars, which potentially crossbreed when in proximity. Different mints are known for a reasonably high content of essential oils (EO), which are deposited in the glandular trichomes, mostly located on the adaxial surface of their leaves. There are two well-known, so-called menthol mints in cultivation: Mentha x piperita L. (Hudson): peppermint—MP, and Mentha arvensis L., (syn. M. canadensis L., Japanese mint): cornmint—MA.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Carboxylases for CO2 Biotransformation
The rapid growth of atmospheric CO2 concentration by continuous consumption of fossil fuels is one of the main causes of global warming. Turning CO2 into fuels and chemicals through biotransformation offers a win-win strategy to both decrease atmospheric CO2 and efficiently exploit carbon resources. The overall efficiency of CO2 biotransformation in vitro and CO2 assimilation in vivo is generally determined by the biochemical properties of carboxylases. Herein, we summarized carboxylases based on catalytic mechanism and CO2 biotransformation in vitro and CO2 assimilation in vivo based on newly mined or designed carboxylases. 
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Mar 2021
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