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Topic Review
Advantages and Risks of Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Hydrogels can be considered as mimics of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Through integrins, the cytoskeleton is connected to the ECM, and cytoskeleton tension depends on ECM stiffness. A number of age-related diseases depend on cellular processes related to cytoskeleton function. Some examples of cancer initiation and progression and heart disease in relation to ECM stiffness have been analyzed. The incorporation of rigid particles into the ECM can increase ECM stiffness and promote the formation of internal residual stresses. Water migration, changes in water binding energy to biomactomolecules, and changes in the state of water from tightly bound water to free and loosely bound water lead to changes in the stiffness of the ECM. 
  • 216
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bone Remodeling in Osteoarthritis
Bone morphogenesis (osteogenesis) is the process of formation and maintenance of bone tissue and is the result of bone formation and bone resorption. Both processes, bone formation (osteoproduction) and bone resorption (osteoresorption), are functionally balanced in the creation and maintenance of optimal functional structure, or homeostasis, of the skeletal system according to functional demands. Deviation from the physiological balance of these processes is manifested in pathological osteogenesis. One morphological substrate of pathological osteogenesis is osteophyte formation in osteoarthritis (OA).
  • 197
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Soft Tissue Regenerative Medicine
Soft tissue regeneration holds significant promise for addressing various clinical challenges, ranging from craniofacial and oral tissue defects to blood vessels, muscle, and fibrous tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising tool in regenerative medicine due to their unique characteristics and potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages.
  • 236
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
FGF-18 in Bone Regeneration
The fibroblast growth factor family contains 22 members. Fibroblast growth factors such as 2, 9, and 18 are mainly associated with the differentiation of osteoblasts and in bone regeneration. FGF-18 stimulates the PI3K/ERK pathway and smad1/5/8 pathway mediated via BMP-2 by blocking its antagonist, which is essential for bone formation.
  • 125
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Application of Electrospun Nanofibers in Wound Dressings
Electrospun nanofiber membranes (NFMs) have high porosity and a large specific surface area, which provide a suitable environment for the complex and dynamic wound healing process and a large number of sites for carrying wound healing factors. The design of the nanofiber structure can imitate the structure of the human dermis, similar to the natural extracellular matrix, which better promotes the hemostasis, anti-inflammatory and healing of wounds. 
  • 164
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gene Editing in Pluripotent Stem Cells
Gene editing in human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), is highly relevant to clinical cell therapy and thus should be examined with particular caution. First, since all mutations in PSCs will be carried to all their progenies, off-target edits of editors will be amplified. Second, due to the hypersensitivity of PSCs to DNA damage, double-strand breaks (DSBs) made by gene editing could lead to low editing efficiency and the enrichment of cell populations with defective genomic safeguards. In this regard, DSB-independent gene editing tools, such as base editors and prime editors, are favored due to their nature to avoid these consequences. With more understanding of the microbial world, new systems, such as Cas-related nucleases, transposons, and recombinases, are also expanding the toolbox for gene editing.
  • 379
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Regeneration
Cardiac regeneration is a critical endeavor in the treatment of heart diseases, aimed at repairing and enhancing the structure and function of damaged myocardium. Stem cell-based therapies, which involve the utilization of adult stem cells and pluripotent stem cells hold immense potential for replenishing lost cardiomyocytes and facilitating cardiac tissue repair and regeneration. Tissue engineering also plays a prominent role employing synthetic or natural biomaterials, engineering cardiac patches and grafts with suitable properties, and fabricating upscale bioreactors to create functional constructs for cardiac recovery. These constructs can be transplanted into the heart to provide mechanical support and facilitate tissue healing. Additionally, the production of organoids and chips that accurately replicate the structure and function of the whole organ is an area of extensive research. 
  • 193
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Secretome Derived from SHED in Tissue Regeneration
Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have emerged as an alternative stem cell source for cell therapy and regenerative medicine because they are readily available, pose fewer ethical concerns, and have low immunogenicity and tumourigenicity. SHED offer a number of advantages over other dental stem cells, including a high proliferation rate with the potential to differentiate into multiple developmental lineages. The therapeutic effects of SHED are mediated by multiple mechanisms, including immunomodulation, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, osteogenesis, and adipogenesis. Since SHED are more potentially useful source of stem cells than BM-MSCs and DPSCs in cell therapy, therefore it could be suggested that the secretome derived from SHED could enhance tissue regeneration and repair and hence, considered as a suitable candidate for a cell-free approach in regenerative medicine and dentistry.
  • 238
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Integrating Signaling Pathways in Design of Smart Hydrogels
Hydrogel biomaterials have been employed to facilitate the process of vascularization. These materials are designed to provide a supportive environment for the growth and development of blood vessels. By incorporating specific cues and factors, hydrogel biomaterials can effectively promote angiogenesis, allowing for the formation of a functional vascular network. The properties of hydrogels, such as their biocompatibility and tunable physical characteristics, make them suitable for creating a conducive microenvironment that supports vascular cell proliferation, migration, and organization. Through careful design and optimization, hydrogel biomaterials hold promise in advancing strategies for successful vascularization in various biomedical applications. Numerous hydrogel culture platforms are available, offering a variety of options for tissue growth. 
  • 166
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Types of Collagens
Collagen, a widely recognized extracellular matrix protein, has found extensive use in medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. This is due to its crucial role in tissue and organ formation, and its involvement in various cellular functions. Additionally, collagen serves as an effective surface-active agent and displays its capacity to permeate lipid-free interfaces. In comparison to other natural polymers like albumin and gelatin, collagen showcases exceptional biodegradability, minimal antigenicity, and remarkable biocompatibility.
  • 409
  • 16 Aug 2023
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