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Topic Review
Wheat Initiative Structure and Organisation
Wheat is the most widely grown crop, with the area sown to wheat in 2019 estimated at 216 million hectares, and over 90 countries each produce over 10,000 tonnes annually. The three cereals, maize, rice and wheat, dominate crop production, accounting for almost 90% of the world’s cereals, and play a critical role in human nutrition.
  • 513
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Weed Management
Weeds can affect food production in agricultural systems, decreasing the product quality and productivity due to the competition for natural resources. On the other hand, weeds can also be considered to be valuable indicators of biodiversity because of their role in providing ecosystem services. In this sense, there is a need to carry out an effective and sustainable weed management process, integrating the various control methods (i.e., cultural, mechanical and chemical) in a harmonious way, without harming the entire agrarian ecosystem. Thus, intensive mechanization and herbicide use should be avoided. 
  • 951
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Weed Detection in Wheat Crops
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a commonly cultivated cereal worldwide that covers about 237 million hectares annually, producing 765 million tons of yield. Weeds cause economic losses in wheat crops that can range from 40 to 50%, and must be controlled throughout the crop’s growing season to achieve an appropriate crop yield. Weeds constitute unwanted plants that fight with crops for nutrients, resources, and sunlight. They can have a number of detrimental effects, including reducing agricultural yields and unmanageable weed populations.
  • 110
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vine and Wine Sustainability in a Cooperative Ecosystem
The world is changing, and climate change has become a serious issue. Organizations, governments, companies, and consumers are becoming more conscious of this impact and are combining their forces to minimize it. Cooperatives have a business model that differs from those in the private or public sector. They operate according to their own principles of cooperation, which makes it difficult to obtain results that are in harmony with the objectives of the organization and the cooperative members.
  • 145
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
UAV-Based Applications for Plant Disease Detection and Monitoring
Remote sensing technology is vital for precision agriculture, aiding in early issue detection, resource management, and environmentally friendly practices. Recent advances in remote sensing technology and data processing have propelled unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into valuable tools for obtaining detailed data on plant diseases with high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. Given the growing body of scholarly research centered on UAV-based disease detection, a comprehensive review and analysis becomes imperative to provide a panoramic view of evolving methodologies in plant disease monitoring and to strategically evaluate the potential and limitations of such strategies.
  • 292
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Types and General Role of Organic Amendments
Salinity and metal stress are significant abiotic factors that negatively influence plant growth and development. These factors lead to diminished agricultural yields on a global scale. Organic amendments have emerged as a potential solution for mitigating the adverse effects of salinity and metal stress on plants. When plants experience these stresses, they produce reactive oxygen species, which can impair protein synthesis and damage cellular membranes. Organic amendments, including biochar, vermicompost, green manure, and farmyard manure, have been shown to facilitate soil nitrogen uptake, an essential component for protein synthesis, and enhance various plant processes such as metabolism, protein accumulation, and antioxidant activities. Researchers have observed that the application of organic amendments improves plant stress tolerance, plant growth, and yield.
  • 55
  • 19 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Transformations of Elemental Sulfur in Soil
Sulfur is an essential element in determining the productivity and quality of agricultural products. It is also an element associated with tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress in plants. In agricultural practice, sulfur has broad use in the form of sulfate fertilizers and, to a lesser extent, as sulfite biostimulants.
  • 129
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Toxigenic Fusarium Species
Toxigenic Fusarium species are among the most important plant pathogens in agriculture. They may infect nearly every plant species and comprise about 300 phylospecies. The worldwide most important toxigenic species is F. graminearum producing the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol or nivalenol and the estrogenic zearalenone. Among the economically most important diseases are Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals, Fusarium crown rot of wheat and barley, Gibberella/Fusarium ear and stalk rot of maize. Mycotoxins are harmful to humans and animals and a great worldwide threat. The global economic losses caused by toxigenic Fusarium diseases are immense. They can only be controlled by a combination of measures including agronomic practices and resistant varieties. With genomic techniques new insights into the Fusarium-host pathosystem will be possible. 
  • 326
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
ToLCNDV
The tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a bipartite, single-stranded begomovirus that was first identified in India in 1995 affecting solanaceous crops. A different strain, named ToLCNDV-ES, was introduced in Spain in 2012 and causes severe symptoms in zucchini crops. Virus transmission experiments with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, were used to compare the transmission parameters in zucchini and tomato plants.
  • 776
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Fungal Secondary Metabolites and sRNAs
Fungal plant pathogens use proteinaceous effectors as well as newly identified secondary metabolites (SMs) and small non-coding RNA (sRNA) effectors to manipulate the host plant’s defense system via diverse plant cell compartments, distinct organelles, and many host genes. However, most molecular studies of plant–fungal interactions have focused on secreted effector proteins without exploring the possibly equivalent functions performed by fungal (SMs) and sRNAs, which are collectively known as “non-proteinaceous effectors”. Fungal SMs have been shown to be generated throughout the plant colonization process, particularly in the early biotrophic stages of infection. The fungal repertoire of non-proteinaceous effectors has been broadened by the discovery of fungal sRNAs that specifically target plant genes involved in resistance and defense responses. Many RNAs, particularly sRNAs involved in gene silencing, have been shown to transmit bidirectionally between fungal pathogens and their hosts.
  • 520
  • 04 Jan 2023
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