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Topic Review
Biological Clocks as Biomarkers of Aging
A key objective in biological aging research is to identify biomarkers capable of predicting the biological age (B-age) of different tissues, as an alternative to relying solely on chronological age (C-age). Biological clock technologies are designed to assess the acceleration of biological age (B-age) in diverse cell types, offering a distinctive opportunity in toxicogenomic research to explore the impact of environmental stressors, social challenges, and unhealthy lifestyles on health impairment. These clocks also play a role in identifying factors that can hinder aging and promote a healthy lifestyle. 
  • 244
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biotests in Cyanobacterial Toxicity Assessment
Cyanobacterial toxins, also known as cyanotoxins, represent a significant hazard to human, animal, and environmental well-being. This research aims to present a comprehensive overview of the challenges associated with detecting and characterizing cyanotoxins through the utilization of various biotests. By exploring the utility of alternative aquatic model organisms and in vitro tests employing cultured cells, the importance of adopting a multi-level approach when investigating cyanotoxicity was highlioghted. 
  • 223
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Blueberry Supplementation and Skin Health
Environmental stressors such as air pollutants, ozone, and ultraviolet light (UV) radiation are among the most noxious outdoor stressors affecting human skin and leading to premature skin aging. To prevent the extrinsic aging, the skin is equipped with an effective defensive system. However, cutaneous defense mechanisms can be overwhelmed through chronic exposure to environmental pollutants. Some studies have suggested that the topical usage of natural compounds, such as blueberries, could be a good strategy to prevent skin damage from the environment. Indeed, blueberries contain bioactive compounds found to induce an active skin response against the environmental noxious effects.
  • 155
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bryophyte Heavy-Metal Tolerance
The biological effects of heavy metals have been studied in both animals and plants, ranging from oxidative stress to genotoxicity. Plants, above all metal-tolerant species, have evolved a wide spectrum of strategies to counteract exposure to toxic metal concentrations. 
  • 564
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cadmium and Human Health
Cadmium is ubiquitous in the diet, with the highest levels present in grains, leafy greens, and shellfish. Cadmium is a major health risk globally and is associated with pollution and anthropogenic activity. It is important to understand the dietary sources of cadmium, how they are monitored, and the effect of cadmium exposure to human health. 
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Caenorhabditis elegans and Cytochromes P450
The soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is one of the simplest organisms with a laboratory model status. C. elegans is a transparent worm of about 1 mm in length, found in temperate soil environments. C. elegans is an important model used for many aspects of biological research. It is a non-infectious and non-pathogenic organism that survives by feeding on microbes such as bacteria. C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its whole genome sequenced and is the only organism to have its connectome (neuronal “wiring diagram”) completed. It contains 82 P450 genes, including 6 pseudogenes, divided into 16 families (13, 14, 22, 23, 25, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44) and 26 subfamilies in accordance with the Nelson’s nomenclature.
  • 402
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cancer and Pollution
Cancer is one of the longest-known human diseases, known at least from ancient Egyptian papyri. Even though the causal association between cancer and occupational exposure to pollutants can be inferred from the works of Paracelsus, only in the early 20th century onward, when the nature and role of DNA was unravelled, could oncobiologists and toxicologists join efforts to endeavour understanding mechanism and risk. Nowadays it is known that chemically-induced cancers of environmental origin (excluding tobacco smoking) can represent about 10% or more of the total number of incidences, globally. The paradigmatic case of asbestos in the second half of the 20th century was arguably the first incident to increase the awareness for environmental carcinogens in a global scale. However, it resulted in a long and painstaking ban process that altogether highlights the challenges of safeguarding human and environmental health.
  • 287
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Categories and Characteristics of Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous small membrane structures that originate from plasma membranes. Although most EVs have a diameter of 50–200 nm, larger ones are also observed. Generally, particles up to a diameter of 1000 nm are regarded as EVs. They are typically isolated from the conditioned media of cultured cells. The contents of EVs include proteins, mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), and nucleic acids. Each vesicle performs a specific function in transferring biological material(s) to induce biological processes, such as replication, growth, apoptosis, and necrosis.
  • 585
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cholinergic Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) have applications in agriculture (e.g., pesticides), industry (e.g., flame retardants), and chemical warfare (nerve agents). The main target of OPs is AChE, the enzyme that breaks down ACh into acetic acid and choline, terminating synaptic signal transmission mediated by ACh in neuromuscular junctions, in the autonomic (mainly parasympathetic) nervous system, and in the brain. The OP binds to and phosphorylates a nucleophilic serine at the catalytic site of the enzyme, thus preventing the hydrolysis of ACh and resulting in excessive elevation of ACh in cholinergic synapses. Insects, whose central nervous system utilizes ACh as the major excitatory neurotransmitter, are killed instantly by OPs, primarily due to hyperstimulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which are the most abundant in their central nervous system.
  • 167
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Ciguatera Fish Poison
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CP)-related toxins (CTXs) are closely related structural congeners with a polyether backbone similar to brevetoxins. CTXs are classified based on their geographic origin into Pacific Ocean ciguatoxins (P-CTXs), Caribbean Sea ciguatoxins (C-CTXs), and Indian Ocean ciguatoxins (I-CTXs). I-CTX-1 and -2 have the same molecular weight of 1140.6 Da as C-CTX-1 and -2 and are pharmacologically related, but they do not co-elute, and there are no structures available for I-CTX due to poor chromatographic recoveries. 
  • 243
  • 31 Oct 2023
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