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Topic Review
Autonomy in Stem Cell-Derived Embryoids
The experimental production of complex structures resembling mammalian embryos (e.g., blastoids, gastruloids) from pluripotent stem cells in vitro has become a booming research field. Since some of these embryoid models appear to reach a degree of complexity that may come close to viability, a broad discussion has set in with the aim to arrive at a consensus on the ethical implications with regard to acceptability of the use of this technology with human cells. The present text focuses on developmental autonomy of embryoids which is an aspect of great ethical relevance and must receive increased attention during the preparation of new legal regulations, but which has not been included yet in the recently issued ISSCR Guidelines.  
  • 645
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Autosomal Dominant Lateral Temporal Epilepsy
Autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) is a genetic focal epilepsy associated with mutations in the LGI1, RELN, and MICAL1 genes. A previous study linking ADLTE with two MICAL1 mutations that resulted in the substitution of a highly conserved glycine residue for serine (G150S) or a frameshift mutation that swapped the last three C-terminal amino acids for 59 extra residues (A1065fs) concluded that the mutations increased enzymatic activity and promoted cell contraction.
  • 645
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
AUTS2 Gene
AUTS2 is a large gene spanning 1.2 M bases on human chromosome 7q11.22 (A). It consists of 19 exons, the first 6 of which are separated by long introns at the 5′ end, whilst the remaining 13 are compact with clustered smaller introns at the 3′ end. The full-lengthAUTS2transcript encodes a protein with 1259 amino acids (aa) in humans (NM_015570) and 1261 aa in mice (NM_177047), although various isoforms are generated by alternative splicing and multiple transcription start sites (TSS).
  • 483
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
BMP3 Affects Mice Cortical and Trabecular Bone Development
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have a major role in tissue development. BMP3 is synthesized in osteocytes and mature osteoblasts and has an antagonistic effect on other BMPs in bone tissue. The main aim of this study was to fully characterize cortical bone and trabecular bone of long bones in both male and female Bmp3−/− mice. To investigate the effect of Bmp3 from birth to maturity, we compared Bmp3−/− mice with wild-type littermates at the following stages of postnatal development: 1 day (P0), 2 weeks (P14), 8 weeks and 16 weeks of age. Bmp3 deletion was confirmed using X-gal staining in P0 animals. Cartilage and bone tissue were examined in P14 animals using Alcian Blue/Alizarin Red staining. Detailed long bone analysis was performed in 8-week-old and 16-week-old animals using micro-CT. The Bmp3 reporter signal was localized in bone tissue, hair follicles, and lungs. Bone mineralization at 2 weeks of age was increased in long bones of Bmp3−/− mice. Bmp3 deletion was shown to affect the skeleton until adulthood, where increased cortical and trabecular bone parameters were found in young and adult mice of both sexes, while delayed mineralization of the epiphyseal growth plate was found in adult Bmp3−/− mice. 
  • 334
  • 23 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Branchiomeric Muscle Development
Branchiomeric skeletal muscles are a subset of head muscles originating from skeletal muscle progenitor cells in the mesodermal core of pharyngeal arches. These muscles are involved in facial expression, mastication, and function of the larynx and pharynx. Branchiomeric muscles have been the focus of many studies over the years due to their distinct developmental programs and common origin with the heart muscle.
  • 897
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Causes of Dyslexia
Theories have been presented to explain the nature of dyslexia, but the causes of dyslexia remained unclear. Although the investigation of the causes of dyslexia presupposes a clear understanding of the concept of cause, such an understanding is missing. The causes of impaired reading include: an incorrect fixation location, too short a fixation time, the attempt to recognize too many letters simultaneously, too large saccade amplitudes, and too short verbal reaction times. It is assumed that a longer required fixation time in dyslexic readers results from a functional impairment of areas V1, V2, and V3 that require more time to complete temporal summation. These areas and areas that receive input from them, such as the fusiform gyrus, are assumed to be impaired in their ability to simultaneously process a string of letters. When these impairments are compensated by a new reading strategy, reading ability improves immediately.
  • 424
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cell Cycle Regulation in Pluripotent Stem Cells
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold great promise in cell-based therapy because of their pluripotent property and the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from inner cell mass (ICM) possess unique cell cycle control with shortened G1 phase. In addition, ESCs have high expression of homologous recombination (HR)-related proteins, which repair double-strand breaks (DSBs) through HR or the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Central Nervous System in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous, behaviorally defined, neurodevelopmental disorder that has been modeled as a brain-based disease.
  • 4.4K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Chromatoid Bodies in the Regulation of Spermatogenesis
The CB is a membrane-less perinuclear organelle present in male germ cells which serve as storehouse for mRNAs transported by RNA binding and transport proteins like GRTH/DDX25. It also serves as a processing center of mRNAs awaiting translation during later stages of spermatogenesis. These CBs are involved in diverse pathways like RNA transport, decay, surveillance and regulate the stability of mRNAs to secure the correct timing of protein expression at different stages of spermiogenesis.
  • 666
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chromodomain-Helicase-DNA Binding Family
The CHD (chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding) family consists of nine members (CHD1–CHD9). Their structure is characterised by two consecutive chromodomains in the N-terminal region and an SNF2-like (sucrose-non-fermenting (SNF)) ATP-dependent helicase domain positioned in the central region. They recognise and bind nucleosomes to contribute, in many cases, to the formation of heterochromatin typically marked by the presence of methylated histones and other repressive chromatin markers. CHD proteins can bind to methylated histones through their chromodomains and use their helicase activity to remodel the chromatin and contribute to the formation of heterochromatin, a fundamental feature of chromosomes that ensures genomic stability.
  • 559
  • 17 Feb 2023
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