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Topic Review
Application of Membrane Technology in the Pharmaceutical Industry
With the advancement in membrane technology, membrane separation technology has been found increasingly widespread applications in the pharmaceutical industry. It is utilized in drug separation and purification, wastewater treatment, and the recycling of wastewater resources. 
  • 160
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
GLP-1 Biomarkers in the Development of Metabolic Disorders
Metabolic illnesses, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, have become worldwide epidemics that have an effect on public health. Clinical investigations and further exploration of these mechanisms could lead to innovative, effective, and personalized treatment strategies for individuals. It is important to screen biomarkers in previous studies to discover what is missing. Glucagon-like peptide-1′s role in insulin secretion and glucose control highlights its diagnostic and therapeutic potential.  In validating these biomarkers, it will be easier to reflect pathophysiological processes, and clinicians will be able to better assess disease severity, monitor disease progression, and tailor treatment strategies. 
  • 91
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Integrated Diagnostics of Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid nodules are commonly detected in daily clinical practice, and their diagnosis and therapy usually involve different specialists and various diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Thyroid nodule management requires the integration of laboratory, imaging, and pathology examinations to achieve a proper diagnosis. It enables the elimination of unnecessary therapeutic procedures in many individuals and the timely identification of patients who require specific therapies. Furthermore, bioinformatics may change the current management of clinical data, enabling more personalized diagnostic approaches for patients with thyroid nodules.
  • 114
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, progressive respiratory disease that is growing in prevalence worldwide. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD 2023) defines COPD “as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, cough, expectoration and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and/or alveoli (emphysema) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction.”. GOLD is a well-known international organization, which is working to provide guidelines for COPD diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and management in order to assess the characteristics of COPD at a global scale, and to maximize available resources to support COPD care. In COPD management, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are mostly administrated together.
  • 78
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Repurposing Therapeutic Drugs Complexed to Vanadium in Cancer
Repurposing drugs by uncovering new indications for approved drugs accelerates the process of establishing new treatments and reduces the high costs of drug discovery and development. Metal complexes with clinically approved drugs allow further opportunities in cancer therapy. Many vanadium compounds have previously shown antitumor effects, which makes vanadium a suitable metal to complex with therapeutic drugs, potentially improving their efficacy in cancer treatment.
  • 126
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Gastro-Esophageal Junction Precancerosis
A diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) requires the macroscopic visualization of gastric-appearing mucosa in the esophagus and the identification of intestinal metaplasia on histologic examination. Histologic diagnosis of BE dysplasia can be challenging due to sampling error, pathologists’ experience, interobserver variation, and difficulty in histologic interpretation: all these problems complicate patient management.
  • 71
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria during Long COVID
The gut microbiota has been shown to contribute to the regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the renin-angiotensin complex through systemic and local pathways. ACE2 is already known to be the cornerstone of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the COVID-19 disease due to the specific coupling of the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the cell membrane, it also affects the mitochondria of infected cells, thereby triggering altered metabolism, mitophagy, and atypical levels of mitochondrial proteins in extracellular vesicles.
  • 216
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cyclic AMP Antagonist Prostaglandylinositol Cyclic Phosphate
The reasons initiating insulin resistance are not identified. Various metabolic derailments have been characterized. These are the outcome and not the initiation of insulin resistance. In animal models of type 2 diabetes and hypertension, a decreased hormonal stimulation of the synthesis of the cyclic AMP antagonist prostaglandylinositol cyclic phosphate (cyclic PIP) was determined. The resultant imbalance of the action of cyclic AMP and cyclic PIP shifts metabolic regulation to the dominance of catabolism and a decrease in imperative anabolism. This dominance develops gradually since the more cyclic AMP dominates, the more the synthesis of cyclic PIP will be inhibited. Vanishing actions of cyclic PIP are its 10-fold activation of glucose uptake in adipocytes, its inhibition of insulin release from pancreatic β-cells, its inhibition of PKA and its 7-fold activation of protein ser/thr phosphatase.
  • 126
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Licorice on Oral Health
Licorice (Radix glycyrrhizae) is a plant root extract widely used in various applications, including cosmetics, food supplements, and traditional medicine. It has a long history of medicinal use in different cultures due to its diverse pharmacological properties. Licorice has traditionally been used for treating gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections, cough, bronchitis, arthritis, and skin conditions. The potential therapeutic benefits of licorice for oral health have gained significant interest.
  • 144
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nerve Growth Factor and Autoimmune Diseases
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a crucial immunomodulatory role and increased levels are found in numerous tissues during autoimmune states. NGF directly modulates innate and adaptive immune responses of B and T cells and causes the release of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters controlling the immune system activation in inflamed tissues. Evidence suggests that NGF is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous immune diseases including autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mastocytosis, and chronic granulomatous disease. Furthermore, as NGF levels have been linked to disease severity, it could be considered an optimal early biomarker to identify therapeutic approach efficacy. In conclusion, by gaining insights into how these molecules function and which cells they interact with, future studies can devise targeted therapies to address various neurological, immunological, and other disorders more effectively. This knowledge may pave the way for innovative treatments based on NGF manipulation aimed at improving the quality of life for individuals affected by diseases involving neurotrophins.
  • 186
  • 16 Nov 2023
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