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Topic Review
Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft
Particulate matter emissions from aircraft engines contribute to ambient concentrations of ultrafine particles in and around airports together with other combustion sources including road traffic. The impact of emissions on ambient concentrations from an airport, for which aircraft engine is a main source, differs from airport to airport due to the different relative contributions of other sources such as road traffic, and due to pollutant mix differences, chemical characteristics and size distribution. Particulate matter, particularly the ultrafine component made up of small particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 0.1 µm, is widely considered a health hazard. Aircraft gas turbine engines result in direct emissions of “non-volatile” (nvPM), also described as black carbon (BC) “soot” emissions. In addition to local air quality impacts, particles emitted from aircraft engines can affect climate and cloudiness in a number of ways. There are several on-going projects such as AVIATOR and ACACIA, that are taking measurements, linking these to modelling and assessing the particulate impacts on local air quality and climate.
  • 499
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Particulate and Floating Pollutants in the Oceans
The Earth’s oceans are the final resting place of anthropogenic residues, mainly plastics, metals, rubber, and fabrics, in order of decreasing abundance. After degradation resulted by UV rays atack, mechanical and chemical degradation, they tend to decant and deposit over the ocean floor. Most of these finaly assume fragmented or particulate forms, becoming colonized by marine microorganisms and later interacting with macroorganisms, leading to potential problems with marine life and the ecosystem. Rapid biodegradation of the polluting materials is still not possible, as a result of site contaminants atraction and accumulation and harmful by-products release.
  • 450
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Particulate Air Pollution and Risk of Neuropsychiatric Outcomes
There is evidence that the impact of particle pollution on the brain, the portals of entry, the neural damage mechanisms, and ultimately the neurological and psychiatric outcomes statistically associated with exposures. PM pollution comes from natural and anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel combustion, engineered nanoparticles (NP ≤ 100 nm), wildfires, and wood burning. We are all constantly exposed during normal daily activities to some level of particle pollution of various sizes—PM2.5 (≤2.5 µm), ultrafine PM (UFP ≤ 100 nm), or NPs. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption are key portals of entry. 
  • 347
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Particle-Bound Mercury Characterization
Particulate Bound Hg (PBM) consists of all airborne particulate containing Hg, including both stable condensed and gaseous forms adsorbed on atmospheric particulate matter (PM); it is operationally sampled and quantified by pulling air through a glass fiber or a quartz filter. PBM usually includes all those particles with a diameter <2.5 μm, even if its characterization depends on the pore size of the filter used for its collection. The accurate dimensional characterization is then essential to estimate the dry deposition of PBM, as well as any other particulate pollutant; the particles diameters directly influence gravitational sedimentation and the PBM residence time in the atmosphere. In addition, PBM chemical speciation, as well as for the other Hg forms, is fundamental to understand PBM bioavailability and therefore the effects on human .
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Participation of Marginalised Groups in Climate Change Governance
For many of the world’s poor people, adaptation to climate change is not a choice but a reality. Existing evidence suggests that the poor, particularly those in the developing world, are the most vulnerable to any changes in climate variability and change. Climate change is having devastating impacts on the livelihood-supporting systems of many poor and rural households in South Africa. These changes are not only affecting the biophysical elements of the natural resource base, but they are also greatly compromising the ability of many small-scale farmers, especially women, who, in most cases, lack any form of productive assets to deploy so as to minimise the impacts of climate change.
  • 555
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Parthenogenesis in Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha
Insects are renowned for their remarkable diversity of reproductive modes. Among these, the largest non-holometabolous order, Hemiptera, stands out with one of the most diversified arrays of parthenogenesis modes observed among insects. 
  • 294
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Paludiculture in Latvia
Global climate change impact has increased in recent decades and put urgency on implementing effective climate change mitigation (CCM) activities. Rewetting of drained peatlands is an acknowledged measure to reduce GHG emissions from organic soils in the agriculture and land use sectors. Under waterlogged conditions, decomposition of organic matter in peat decreases, and emissions of CO2 are reduced. Thus, the soil carbon stock is saved, and wet management of the site reactivates carbon sequestration. To reach CCM targets, the first rewetting and paludiculture trials have been implemented in Latvia.
  • 163
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment
POME is considered as one of the major problems that has generated voluminously from the palm oil industries. Pre-treatment is utmost required prior discharge to the environment. This review deals with current POME treatment techniques.
  • 2.3K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Disposal of palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is highly polluting from the palm oil industry, needs to be handled properly to minimize the harmful impact on the surrounding environment.
  • 3.8K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pakistan’s Heritage Management
Improving archaeology policies means fostering search and exploration of ancient sites, promoting protection and preservation actions of architectural remains, and management of cultural heritage.
  • 2.0K
  • 19 Apr 2022
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