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Topic Review
Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes
The fifteen volcanoes that make up the eight principal islands of Hawaii are the youngest in a chain of more than 129 volcanoes that stretch 5,800 kilometres (3,600 mi) across the North Pacific Ocean, called the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Hawaiʻi's volcanoes rise an average of 4,572 metres (15,000 ft) to reach sea level from their base. The largest, Mauna Loa, is 4,169 metres (13,678 ft) high. As shield volcanoes, they are built by accumulated lava flows, growing a few meters or feet at a time to form a broad and gently sloping shape. Hawaiian islands undergo a systematic pattern of submarine and subaerial growth that is followed by erosion. An island's stage of development reflects its distance from the Hawaii hotspot.
  • 339
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Carbonate Reservoirs Permeability Prediction
Permeability is a crucial property that can be used to indicate whether a material can hold fluids or not. Predicting the permeability of carbonate reservoirs is always a challenging and expensive task while using traditional techniques. Traditional methods often demand a significant amount of time, resources, and manpower, which are sometimes beyond the limitations of under developing countries.
  • 339
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Towards Sustainable Pasture Agrolandscapes
Reliable environmental audits and impact assessments are essential to achieve effective pasture utilization and ensure the production of high-quality livestock products. Pasture agrolandscapes are complex and dynamic systems that involve the interaction of various components, such as soil, vegetation, climate, and land use. These landscapes are crucial not only for the production of high-quality livestock products but also for maintaining environmental health and providing ecosystem services
  • 339
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Wave Energy Generation in Brazil
Seas and oceans offer great potential as a widely available source of clean and renewable energy near high energy consumption centers. This source of energy is a valuable option in the energy transition and in energy matrix decarbonization. Wave energy and an oscillating water column (OWC) device stand out as the types of ocean energy with the most potential. An onshore OWC requires locations with rocky outcrops and steeper slopes as the device needs to be physically installed and has lower energy dissipation due to friction with the seabed. However, Brazil has approximately 7490 km of coastlines, with various shoreline geometries and geomorphologies, some of which are very suitable for OWC implementation.
  • 339
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia Environment Training Protocols
The relevant oxygen concentrations, exposure protocols, and training periods should be considered to determine training prescriptions for different sports. In the hypoxia high-intensity interval training protocol, there is an increase in physiological changes to cardiorespiratory function, power output, hemodynamic function, and performance efficacy. However, improvements in these parameters do not always produce effective results, as they depend on the training duration and the athlete’s proficiency. 
  • 339
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Physical Setting of Amazonian Floodplains
Amazonian floodplain forests along large rivers consist of two distinct floras that are traced to their differentiated sediment- and nutrient-rich (várzea) or sediment- and nutrient-poor (igapó) environments.
  • 338
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Factors in Expectation Confirmation Model
Bhattacherjee studied the continuance intention of online banking by using the ECM, which added the perceived usefulness variable in the technology acceptance model, and established a model for inspecting users’ continuance intention of an information system (IS). The ECM has four constructs: confirmation, perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and IS continuance intention. Among them, confirmation refers to the consistency between users’ expectations and the actual performance of the IS. Perceived usefulness refers to users’ expected benefits from using an IS. This construct is similar to performance expectancy in UTAUT, as both describe users’ perceived benefits from using an IS. Satisfaction refers to users’ feelings while using the IS. Finally, IS continuance intention refers to users’ intentions to continue using the IS.
  • 338
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Kaunos
Kaunos (Carian: Kbid; Lycian: Khbide; Ancient Greek: Καῦνος; Latin: Caunus) was a city of ancient Caria and in Anatolia, a few km west of the modern town of Dalyan, Muğla Province, Turkey. The Calbys river (now known as the Dalyan river) was the border between Caria and Lycia. Initially Kaunos was a separate state; then it became a part of Caria and later still of Lycia. Kaunos was an important sea port, the history of which is supposed to date back till the 10th century BC. Because of the formation of İztuzu Beach and the silting of the former Bay of Dalyan (from approx. 200 BC onwards), Kaunos is now located about 8 km from the coast. The city had two ports, the southern port at the southeast of Küçük Kale and the inner port at its northwest (the present Sülüklü Göl, Lake of the Leeches). The southern port was used from the foundation of the city till roughly the end of the Hellenistic era, after which it became inaccessible due to its drying out. The inner or trade port could be closed by chains. The latter was used till the late days of Kaunos, but due to the silting of the delta and the ports, Kaunos had by then long lost its important function as a trade port. After Caria had been captured by Turkish tribes and the serious malaria epidemic of the 15th century AD, Kaunos was completely abandoned. In 1966 Prof. Baki Öğün started the excavations of ancient Kaunos. These have been continued up to the present day, and are now supervised by Prof. Cengiz Işık. The archeological research is not limited to Kaunos itself, but is also carried out in locations nearby e.g. near the Sultaniye Spa where there used to be a sanctuary devoted to the goddess Leto.
  • 337
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Taxonomic Diversity of African Cyanobacteria Using Genetic Markers
Advances in molecular biology have facilitated the use of polyphasic approaches involving chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, and genotypic data to characterize cyanobacteria. Genotypic diversity through PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of target sequences, cloning, and DNA sequencing of isolated strains and field samples has been poorly described in Africa. The most commonly used genetic markers in Africa include 16S rRNA, PC-IGS, 16S-23S ITS1-L, 16S-23S ITS1-S, rpoB, rpoC1, and 16S-23S ITS. These molecular markers have been employed to understand the taxonomy and phylogeography of cyanobacteria worldwide.
  • 337
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Building Damage Identification Methods and Transfer Learning Methods
The building damage caused by natural disasters seriously threatens human security. Applying deep learning algorithms to identify collapsed buildings from remote sensing images is crucial for rapid post-disaster emergency response.
  • 337
  • 04 Sep 2023
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