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HandWiki. Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34598 (accessed on 08 October 2026).
HandWiki. Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34598. Accessed October 08, 2026.
HandWiki. "Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34598 (accessed October 08, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 15). Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34598
HandWiki. "Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes." Encyclopedia. Web. 15 November, 2022.
Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Earth:Evolution_of_Hawaiian_volcanoes

The fifteen volcanoes that make up the eight principal islands of Hawaii are the youngest in a chain of more than 129 volcanoes that stretch 5,800 kilometres (3,600 mi) across the North Pacific Ocean, called the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Hawaiʻi's volcanoes rise an average of 4,572 metres (15,000 ft) to reach sea level from their base. The largest, Mauna Loa, is 4,169 metres (13,678 ft) high. As shield volcanoes, they are built by accumulated lava flows, growing a few meters or feet at a time to form a broad and gently sloping shape. Hawaiian islands undergo a systematic pattern of submarine and subaerial growth that is followed by erosion. An island's stage of development reflects its distance from the Hawaii hotspot.

hawaii subaerial erosion

References

  1. "Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes". USGS Site. USGS. September 8, 1995. https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/hvo_volcano_watch.html?vwid=1143. Retrieved 2018-05-29. 
  2. USGS, pg. 149 (digital pg. 167)
  3. Morgan, Joseph R. (1996). "Volcanic Landforms". Hawaiʻi: A Unique Geography. Honolulu, HI: Bess Press. pp. 9–13. ISBN 978-1-57306-021-9 
  4. "Hawaii's Volcanoes Revealed". USGS Poster. USGS. Archived from the original on 2004-10-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20041026010925/http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/I-map/i2809/i2809.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 
  5. Rhodes, J. Michael; Garcia, Michael O.; Norman, Marc. "Geochemical Arguments Favoring a Hawaiian Plume". PowerPoint Presentation. University of Massachusetts, University of British Columbia, University of Hawaii, Australian National University. http://www.mantleplumes.org/Chapman/ChapmanPresentations/rhodes_chapman.ppt. Retrieved 2009-03-08. 
  6. Garcia, Michael O.; Caplan-Auerbanch, Jackie; De Carlo, Eric H.; Kurz, M.D.; Becker, N. (2005-09-20). "Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lōihi Seamount, Hawaii". Geochemistry. This is the author's personal version of a paper that was published on 2006-05-16 as "Geochemistry, and Earthquake History of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaii's youngest volcano", in Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry (66) 2:81–108 (SOEST) 66 (2): 81–108. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2005.09.002.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemer.2005.09.002
  7. Konter, Jasper G.; Staudigel, Hubert; Gee, Jeffry. "Spotlight 2: Jasper Seamount". Oceanography. Seamounts Special Issue (Oceanography Society) 23 (1). Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100613134055/http://www.tos.org/oceanography/issues/issue_archive/issue_pdfs/23_1/23-1_konter.pdf. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 
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