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Topic Review
Farmers’ Livelihood Capital and Sustainable Livelihood Strategies
Livelihood refers to a systematic procedure of making a living on the basis of skills, resources, and feasible activities. With a view to resolving the problem of the sustainability of farmers’ livelihoods, the livelihood safety and quality of farmers in poor areas is considered a primary issue, as well as a key research hotspot for experts and scholars. In order to fundamentally help rural areas out of poverty and comprehensively promote rural revitalization, the government needs to not only offer policy support from all aspects, but also to fundamentally improve the livelihood ability of farmers themselves, enrich their livelihood strategies, and help them retain a sustainable way of living.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Farmshoring
Farmshoring is the shifting of employment from abroad into rural communities across the United States. It is conceptually similar to onshoring (also referred to as domestic outsourcing) which can be defined as "the act of transferring some of a company's recurring interval activities and decision rights to outside providers, as set in a contract". Farmshoring refers to a specific variety of outsourcing where, as well as services being sourced outside of the contracting company, they are outsourced from urban to rural locations.
  • 443
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fashion Rental
Fashion rental is one of the product–service system (PSS) models currently seen as an alternative to traditional fashion consumption channels. It is perceived to offer more sustainable consumption alternatives than fashion ownership, with the potential to extend garment use and lifecycles. 
  • 658
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
FDI and Institutions in BRIC and CIVETS Countries
Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows refer to the net capital inflows invested for the acquisition of at least 10% of an enterprise’s voting stock, assuming that this enterprise operates in an economy different than the investor’s country. In recent years, a number of countries with emerging economies have proceeded to use market-oriented strategies, deregulation and reforms in order to attract more foreign investors and attract FDI inflows.
  • 711
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt
Fear, uncertainty and doubt (often shortened to FUD) is a disinformation strategy used in sales, marketing, public relations, politics, cults, and propaganda. FUD is generally a strategy to influence perception by disseminating negative and dubious or false information and a manifestation of the appeal to fear. While the phrase dates to at least the early 20th century, the present common usage of disinformation related to software, hardware and technology industries generally appeared in the 1970s to describe disinformation in the computer hardware industry, and has since been used more broadly.
  • 3.2K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fee and Dividend
Fee and Dividend or Carbon Fee and Dividend (CF&D) is a market-based mechanism for reducing the carbon emissions that help to drive anthropogenic climate change. Carbon Fee and Dividend begins with levying a progressively-rising tax on carbon-based fuels, then returning some or all of the revenue to the public as a regular energy dividend. This is intended to incentivize a shift to low-carbon energy while protecting consumers from any increases in the costs of carbon-based fuels. Designed to maintain or improve economic vitality while speeding the transition to a sustainable energy economy, Carbon Fee and Dividend has been proposed as an alternative to emission reduction mechanisms such as complex regulatory approaches, cap and trade or a straightforward carbon tax. The method has been compared to wealth redistribution legislation that was used during the Great Depression.
  • 286
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Financial Accounting and Sustainability Accounting
A phenomenon in development of accounting knowledge is the generalisation of accounting  principles and concepts from the traditional (financial) domain/context to the sustainability domain/context. This phenomenon draws debates between two schools. Some scholars support the way of simulation, maintaining it is necessary and inevitable for sustainability accounting researchers and practitioners to draw knowledge the financial accounting that has been familiar for them. But some scholars take a critical stance against the simulation, arguing that it is too difficult to apply financial accounting concepts to sustainability practices, for the two accounting contexts are significantly different from each other. But the sustainability accounting application of the materiality concept indicates another side of the phenomenon. That is, sustainability accounting academy should neither give up or discourage the way of generalisation, nor simply and directly simulate the definitions and practices of financial accounting concepts. 
  • 3.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Financial Assessment of Renewable Energy Projects
Financial assessment of renewable energy projects is to help decision-makers invest in renewable energy sources (RES) technologies, it is essential to have reliable indicators capable of measuring a project’s total performance. Despite the global increase in renewable energy sources (RES) investments associated with economic and population growth, few studies have presented a comprehensive evaluation mechanism for RES projects, mainly due to the multiplicity of variables capable of influencing the viability of these endeavors. Therefore, building models that allow an efficient and holistic measurement is a difficult task.
  • 2.3K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Financial Crisis of 2007–08
The financial crisis of 2007–08, also known as the global financial crisis and the 2008 financial crisis, was a severe worldwide economic crisis considered by many economists to have been the most serious financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s, to which it is often compared. It began in 2007 with a crisis in the subprime mortgage market in the United States , and developed into a full-blown international banking crisis with the collapse of the investment bank Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008. Excessive risk-taking by banks such as Lehman Brothers helped to magnify the financial impact globally. Massive bail-outs of financial institutions and other palliative monetary and fiscal policies were employed to prevent a possible collapse of the world financial system. The crisis was nonetheless followed by a global economic downturn, the Great Recession. The Asian markets (China, Hong Kong, Japan, India, etc.) were immediately impacted and volatilized after the U.S. sub-prime crisis. The European debt crisis, a crisis in the banking system of the European countries using the euro, followed later. In 2010, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was enacted in the US following the crisis to "promote the financial stability of the United States". The Basel III capital and liquidity standards were adopted by countries around the world.
  • 3.0K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Financial Derivatives
This book, Financial Derivatives, a blessing or a curse? (DerivaQuote, 2006), introduces financial derivatives, their uses and the debates surrounding their use. It looks at whether one should fear them or embrace them by digging into literature, theory and case studies.  The world seems to be divided into two camps: those who embrace financial derivatives as the ‘Holy Grail’ of the new investment area, and those who denigrate derivatives as the financial Antichrist (Edington, 1994). As the quote above suggests, there are many conflicting views and opinions on derivatives and their use. Derivatives are seen either as useful instruments or as a complete waste of time and money. Experience has indicated that derivative products have transformed the way firms view financial risk and mitigate it. It is no longer relatively simple, and risks are changing continuously with innovation. Risks are no longer nationwide but global and the internet and other fast communication channels have further complicated the issue. In the article, ‘Are Derivatives Financial "Weapons of Mass Destruction"?’ Simon (2008) explains that although derivative instruments have been used to hedge risks that were previously left open, there are still those who are sceptical about using these instruments. As the Group of Thirty (G30) (1993) note, users from “both inside and outside of the financial industry, remain uncomfortable with derivatives activity.” Moreover, the latest survey by the Bank for International Settlements (2009) suggests that there is widespread employment of derivatives with adequate risk management systems. Nevertheless, not all firms are immune to derivatives misuse. This book uses literature and case studies to determine whether it is misuse of this financial instrument, and not the derivatives instrument itself, that causes firm failure and large losses. These case studies help to pinpoint the root causes of these incidents.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
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