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Topic Review
Melatonin Application in Forage Grass Abiotic Stresses Tolerance
Climate change related abiotic stress has been potentially impacting the quantity and quality of forage grass. Melatonin, a multifunctional molecule that has been found to be present in all plants examined to date, plays a crucial role in improving forage grass tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. However, research on melatonin’s role in forage grass is still developing.
  • 52
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Allelic Variations within Vrn-Genes at Different Ploidy Levels
Rapid climate changes, with higher warming rates during winter and spring seasons, dramatically affect the vernalization requirements, one of the most critical processes for the induction of wheat reproductive growth, with severe consequences on flowering time, grain filling, and grain yield. Specifically, the Vrn genes play a major role in the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in wheat. Recent advances in wheat genomics have significantly improved the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Vrn genes (Vrn-1, Vrn-2, Vrn-3, and Vrn-4), unveiling a diverse array of natural allelic variations.
  • 68
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Resurrection Plants as Source of  Natural Bioactive Compounds
Resurrection plant species are a group of higher plants whose vegetative tissues are able to withstand long periods of almost full desiccation and recover quickly upon rewatering. Apart from being a model system for studying desiccation tolerance, resurrection plant species appear to be a valuable source of metabolites, with various areas of application. A significant number of papers have been published with respect to the extraction and application of bioactive compounds from higher resurrection plant species in various test systems. Promising results have been obtained with respect to antioxidative and antiaging effects in various test systems, particularly regarding valuable anticancer effects in human cell lines. 
  • 79
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Breeding Approaches for Orchid Cultivation and Conservation
Orchid cultivation is gaining momentum attributed to the development of new orchid varieties with unique features of colors and appearance. To bridge this demand and supply gap, both traditional and molecular breeding approaches are employed with consistent efforts.
  • 144
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Extensive Green Roofs
Extensive Green Roofs (EGRs) are nature-based solutions that provide several environmental, health, social, and economic benefits. This synthesis of about 1430 scientific papers, based on the five Ws, When, Where, Why, Who, and Which, aims to understand how interest in these important green infrastructures originated and developed, as well as the nature of such academic research. Special attention was paid to the way researchers approached plant selection.
  • 76
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Plant Responses to Stress Combinations
Stress combinations describe the simultaneous exposure of plants to two or more stresses. In the past, stress combinations were defined as simple combinations of two or at most three different stresses, and extensive research has been conducted in this realm. Given the escalating environmental complexity arising from heightened levels of various pollutants and erratic weather patterns due to climate change, studies indicate a substantial decline in plant growth and survival even when each stressor is at a relatively low level, as the number of stressors amplifies their effects. Therefore, studying plant responses to basic stress combinations alone is inadequate for intricate environments.Therefore, the concept of stress combinations has recently broadened, introducing a novel approach to studying plant responses to combined stresses termed “multifactorial stress combinations”(MFSCs). This term denotes combinations of three or more (n ≥ 3) stressors affecting the plant simultaneously or in succession. The simultaneous impacts on plants come from a multitude of stressors such as anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic biotic factors, climatic drivers, and soil-related abiotic factors.
  • 73
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Integrated Approach for Carotenoid Biofortification in Cowpea
Legumes are a source of important secondary metabolites including carotenoids, and they play a significant role in food and diet diversification and ecosystem protection. Carotenoids are the second-most abundant naturally occurring pigments on earth, synthesized by plants, which fulfill important physiological functions. The main carotenoid pigments found in the photosystems of plants include α-Carotene and β-carotene, which are further hydroxylated to produce xanthophylls (e.g., lutein and zeaxanthin). The crucial roles of carotenoids and their metabolites in photooxidative protection and photosynthesis, not to mention nutrition, vision, and cellular differentiation, make them an important class of biological pigments. In cowpeas, carotenoids are mainly present in seeds, leaves, and pods, which contribute to the antioxidant properties of this legume. Increasing the content of carotenoids in cowpeas will contribute to food and nutrition security in the tropics. 
  • 57
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Environmental Stress-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Plants
Plants have evolved complicated defense and adaptive systems to grow in various abiotic stress environments such as drought, cold, and salinity. Anthocyanins belong to the secondary metabolites of flavonoids with strong antioxidant activity in response to various abiotic stress and enhance stress tolerance. Anthocyanin accumulation often accompanies the resistance to abiotic stress in plants to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). 
  • 74
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
NPF and NRT2 Potentially Involved in Nodule Functioning
Legumes are commonly used in sustainable agroecosystems because of their ability to tolerate low N fertilizer input due to their capacity to use atmospheric N2 through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The advantage of using legumes in agroecosystems is not limited to protecting soils from pollution caused by chemical fertilizers because once well-established legumes progressively fertilize the soil. Legumes, such as Pea (Pisum sativum), are nowadays introduced in cropping systems to provide ecological services i.e., limiting the usage of N fertilizer and decreasing herbicide input by competing with weeds for soil water, mineral nutrients and light, thus limiting their development. Competitive genotypes to fulfil this role should be selected on the basis of their ability to efficiently colonize the soil with deep-foraging, fast-growing and highly branched root systems. These traits are known to be under the control of rhizosphere factors, among which nitrate as a signal molecule, sensed by various nitrate transporters such as NPF (Nitrate Transporter1/Peptide transporter Family) and NRT2 (Nitrate Transporter 2), plays a major role. Paradoxically, if nitrate is necessary to ensure legumes’ seedling establishment before BNF starts, it is also a negative regulator of nodulation and BNF if it is provided at high concentrations.
  • 87
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Geranium sanguineum L.
Bloody cranesbill (Geranium sanguineum L.) is a flowering perennial herb with a natural range extending over Europe. The herb is used in the ethnopharmacological practice in Bulgaria. Infusions and decoctions from the roots and aerial parts can be used as a rinse for inflamed mucous membranes of the mouth and respiratory tract, a wash for wounds or skin eruptions, for its astringent, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hypotensive, and immunostimulant activity, as well as for supportive treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, and enterocolitis. 
  • 77
  • 08 Feb 2024
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