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Topic Review
Nationalism in the Middle Ages
Theories on the existence of nationalism in the Middle Ages may belong to the general paradigms of ethnosymbolism and primordialism or perennialism. Several scholars of nationalism support the existence of nationalism in the Middle Ages (mainly in Europe). This school of thought differs from modernism, which suggests that nationalism developed after the late 18th century and the French Revolution.
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nations and Intelligence
The relationship between nations and intelligence is a controversial area of study concerning differences between nations in average intelligence test scores, their possible causes, and their correlation with measures of social well-being and economic prosperity. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen constructed IQ estimates for many countries using literature reviews, student assessment studies and other methodologies to create estimates, which have been widely criticized on theoretical and methodological grounds. Subsequent research by psychologists such as Earl B. Hunt, Jelte Wicherts and Heiner Rindermann has focused on identifying potential national differences in cognitive ability and causal factors, and determining the nature of the relationship of IQ to variables such as GDP, life expectancy, and governance.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Natural and Legal Rights
Natural and legal rights are two types of rights. Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and so are universal and inalienable (they cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws). Legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by a given legal system (they can be modified, repealed, and restrained by human laws). The concept of natural law is related to the concept of natural rights. Natural law first appeared in ancient Greek philosophy, and was referred to by Roman philosopher Cicero. It was subsequently alluded to in the Bible, and then developed in the Middle Ages by Catholic philosophers such as Albert the Great and his pupil Thomas Aquinas. During the Age of Enlightenment, the concept of natural laws was used to challenge the divine right of kings, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract, positive law, and government – and thus legal rights – in the form of classical republicanism. Conversely, the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments. The idea of human rights is also closely related to that of natural rights: some acknowledge no difference between the two, regarding them as synonymous, while others choose to keep the terms separate to eliminate association with some features traditionally associated with natural rights. Natural rights, in particular, are considered beyond the authority of any government or international body to dismiss. The 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an important legal instrument enshrining one conception of natural rights into international soft law. Natural rights were traditionally viewed as exclusively negative rights, whereas human rights also comprise positive rights. Even on a natural rights conception of human rights, the two terms may not be synonymous. The proposition that animals have natural rights is one that gained the interest of philosophers and legal scholars in the 20th century and into the 21st.
  • 308
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Natural Disasters Impact on Cultural Mayan Heritage Spaces
In the town of Sacapulas located in the mountainous country of Guatemala, there is a constant risk of natural disasters. Floods and landslides occur frequently, resulting in the loss of human lives and cultural aspects. Specifically, in the region, the creation of black salt is the most affected.
  • 322
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Natural Disasters, Economic Growth, and Carbon Emissions
China has complex geographical and climatic conditions, as well as a wide variety of natural disasters, and this country has the highest frequency of natural disasters in the world. Floods, droughts, earthquakes, typhoons, mudslides, forest fires, and other disasters occur every year, and they have obvious regional, seasonal, and phased characteristics. These frequent natural disasters have severe consequences, such as high death tolls, the destruction of infrastructure, and stagnated regional economic development.
  • 247
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Natural Language Processing in Connected Vehicle Patents Analysis
Patents are a valuable source of information for understanding technological advancements, identifying emerging trends, and assessing the competitive landscape of various industries. Analysts have used NLP and ML to automate tasks such as patent classification, topic modeling, technology identification, and patent recommendation systems.
  • 171
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Natural Resource Curse
The natural resource curse originally estimated using cross-sectional data from the 1970s and 1980s has disappeared when applying the same econometric model to the same sample of countries but using more recent data. In fact, the most recent data find that natural resources improve economic growth. Explaining the reasons for this gradual reversal of the role natural resources play in economic growth (from curse to asset) is largely understudied in the economics literature. Perhaps the natural resource sector within countries has been decreasing relative to the size of a country's overall economy. Or perhaps global prices of natural resources have increased over the past several decades. Third, perhaps the increasing capital-to-labor ratio associated with natural resource extraction has allowed workers involved in resource extraction to gain transferable skills. 
  • 300
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities
In order to better facilitate ageing in place, naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs), a concept that originated in the United States of America in the 1980s, have emerged as a model of collaborative care that can support older people, allowing them to remain in their homes as long as possible and avoid a shift to more restrictive environments.
  • 898
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Nature Imagery and Mystery on Attention Restoration
The attention restoration theory centres on the environment’s capacity to restore attentional deficits and suggests that there are certain qualities in the environment that restore attention, which leads to improvements in our physical, mental, and social well-being. An environment can be restorative through the activation of involuntary attention, which limits the need for directed attention.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nature Sports
Nature sports comprise a group of sporting activities that are developed and experienced in natural or rural areas, ranging from formal to informal practices. These practices are performed in a variety of natural contexts including on land (mountain biking, rock-climbing, trekking, etc.), in water (kayaking, sailing, surfing, windsurfing, etc.), and in the air (paragliding and hang-gliding, etc.). Nature sports have a spontaneous, playful nature, "with participation predominantly taking place in informal settings, often without governing bodies or clubs or other forms of external regulation". They are generally autonomous activities, even if some nature sports are practiced collectively, such as kayaking, or those which create sporting sub-cultures, such as in surfing.
  • 6.4K
  • 06 Sep 2021
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