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Topic Review
Air Warfare Centre
The Air Warfare Centre (AWC) is a Royal Air Force research and testing organisation based at RAF Waddington in Lincolnshire. It has a training branch nearby as a lodger unit of RAF Cranwell and other branches elsewhere, including at RAF High Wycombe, RAF Brize Norton, MOD Boscombe Down, and RAF Odiham.
  • 393
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Al-Shifa Pharmaceutical Factory
The Al-Shifa (الشفاء, Arabic for "healing") pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum North, Sudan, was constructed between 1992 and 1996 with components imported from Germany , India , Italy, Sweden, Switzerland , Thailand and the United States . It was opened on 12 July 1997 and bombed by the United States on 20 August 1998. The industrial complex was composed of four buildings. It was the largest pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum and employed over 300 workers, producing medicine both for human and veterinary use. The factory was destroyed in 1998 by a missile attack launched by the United States government, killing one employee and wounding eleven. The U.S. government claimed that the factory was used for the processing of VX nerve agent and that the owners of the plant had ties to the terrorist group al-Qaeda. These justifications for the bombing were disputed by the owners of the plant, the Sudanese government, and other governments. American officials later acknowledged "that the evidence that prompted President Clinton to order the missile strike on the Shifa plant was not as solid as first portrayed. Indeed, officials later said that there was no proof that the plant had been manufacturing or storing nerve gas, as initially suspected by the Americans, or had been linked to Osama bin Laden, who was a resident of Khartoum in the 1980s." The attack took place a week after the Monica Lewinsky scandal and two months after release of the film Wag the Dog, prompting some commentators to describe the attack as a distraction for the public from the scandal.
  • 830
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Alcohol and the German Wine Market
Beverages are a central part of our daily diet. As new products enter the global beverage market, water; juices; soft drinks; and alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and spirits are no longer limited to a handful of brands and varieties. Due to their constant consumption, beverages have been the focus of nutrition research for years. The fundamental scientific findings on the health effects of certain ingredients are an important part of the global health policy debate on reducing harmful consumption patterns. In the German beverage market, a shift in consumption has become apparent: away from alcoholic beverages and towards non-alcoholic alternatives. This indicates a tradeoff between two important and nutritionally relevant substances: alcohol and sugar.
  • 200
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Alcohol Craving
Craving is a multidimensional phenomenon involving an intense urge to consume substances. It is perceived as an individual experience of “wanting” a drug that may result in motivational and drug-seeking behavioral patterns. Alcohol craving has been extensively studied due to its clinical implications in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Craving is considered one of the mechanisms that promote relapse after treatment discharge and even after a prolonged period of abstinence. To better understand the magnitude of the relationship between craving and relapse, it is fundamental to explore factors associated with alcohol craving as it may help in the development of more efficient treatment approaches to prevent relapse in AUD patients.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Alcohol Use in Pregnancy
Understanding the factors that contribute to women’s alcohol use in pregnancy is of critical importance to women's health and prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Alcohol use in pregnancy is influenced by a range of contextual and structural factors, including poverty, histories of trauma and violence, physical and mental health concerns, normalization of alcohol in social networks, sociocultural and economic vulnerabilities and disadvantage, and child welfare involvement. Therefore, beyond supporting individual change, it is necessary to address a range of structural and systemic issues through the adoption of emerging gender-, trauma-, cultural, and equity-informed interventions. 
  • 485
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Algebraic Thinking at Elementary School
9–10-year-old pupils work with equations, a central aspect of algebraic thinking in early grades and a cornerstone for more formal learning of algebra.
  • 523
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Algorithmic Journalism
A term that attempts to describe the procedures that have been brought about by recent technological changes in the field of journalism. Characterized by researchers as “the process of using software or algorithms to automatically generate news stories" (Graefe 2016) and “the combination of algorithms, data, and knowledge from the social sciences to supplement the accountability function of journalism” (Hamilton and Turner 2009).
  • 3.5K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ali Boushaki
Ali Boushaki (Arabic : علي بن محمد بوسحاقيAli ibn Mohamed al-Boushaki) (1855 CE/1271 AH – 1965 CE/1385 AH), was an Algerian Scholar, Imam and Sufi Sheikh. He was born in the village of Soumâa near the town of Thénia 53 km east of Algiers. He was raised in a very spiritual environment within Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki with high Islamic values and ethics. He had great interpersonal skills and devoted his entire life in service of Islam and Algeria according to the Algerian Islamic reference.
  • 308
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Alienation
Alienation, in a sociological and philosophical context, refers to a condition in which individuals feel estranged, disconnected, or separated from themselves, others, and the broader society. The concept has its roots in the works of Karl Marx, who developed the idea as a central component of his critique of capitalism. However, the concept of alienation has been explored and expanded upon by various thinkers across different disciplines.
  • 378
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Allegiance
An allegiance is a duty of fidelity said to be owed, or freely committed, by the people, subjects or citizens to their state or sovereign.
  • 453
  • 14 Nov 2022
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