You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Patient Blood Management in Liver Transplant
Transfusion of blood products in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) significantly increases post-transplant morbidity and mortality and is associated with reduced graft survival. Based on these results, an active effort to prevent and minimize blood transfusion is required. Patient blood management is a revolutionary approach defined as a patient-centered, systematic, evidence-based approach to improve patient outcomes by managing and preserving a patient’s own blood while promoting patient safety and empowerment. This approach is based on three pillars of treatment: (1) detecting and correcting anemia and thrombocytopenia, (2) minimizing iatrogenic blood loss, detecting, and correcting coagulopathy, and (3) harnessing and increasing anemia tolerance.
  • 2.1K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Persufflation (PSF)
Persufflation (PSF) utilises the organ's own vascular network to provide oxygen to the organ tissue and maintain metabolism during preservation to avoid hypoxic damage. This method discovered in the early 20th century has shown promise in providing both longer-term preservation and organ reconditioning capabilities for multiple organs including the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Risk Factors of Rejection in Renal Transplant Recipients
Kidney transplantation (KTx) is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal diseases (ESRD). Multiple factors influence graft rejection after KTx. Pre-operative factors affecting graft function and survival include donor and recipient characteristics such as age, gender, race, and immunologic compatibility. In addition, several peri- and post-operative parameters affect graft function and rejection, such as cold and warm ischemia times, and post-operative immunosuppressive treatment. Exposure to non-self-human leucocyte antigens (HLAs) prior to transplantation up-regulates the recipient’s immune system. A higher rate of acute rejection is observed in transplant recipients with a history of pregnancies or significant exposure to blood products because these patients have higher panel reactive antibody (PRA) levels. Identifying these risk factors will help physicians to reduce the risk of allograft rejection, thereby promoting graft survival. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Spinal Cord Injury Repair
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) for transplant-mediated repair represents an important and promising therapeutic strategy after spinal cord injury (SCI). MSCs can be harvested from a wide range of human tissues, however it is likely certain niches are more suited for SCI repair due to their intrinsic capabilities. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Dyslipidemia in Renal Transplant Recipients
Dyslipidemia is a frequent complication after kidney transplantation (KT) and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) are considered at high, or very high, risk of CVD, which is a leading cause of death in patient group. Despite many factors of post-transplant dyslipidemia, the immunosuppressive treatment has the biggest influence on a lipid profile. There are no strict dyslipidemia treatment guidelines for RTRs, but the ones proposing an individual approach regarding CVD risk seem most suitable. Proper diet and physical activity are the main general measures to manage dyslipidemia and should be introduced initially in every patient after KT. In the case of an insufficient correction of lipemia, statins are the basis for hypolipidemic treatment. Statins should be introduced with caution to avoid serious side-effects (e.g., myopathy) or drug-drug interactions, especially with immunosuppressants. To lower the incidence of adverse effects, and improve medication adherence, ezetimibe in combination with statins is recommended. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Kidney Transplantation
Donor derived cell-free DNA has been identified as a measurable lab test that may be able to adequately diagnose rejection at early stages, precluding the need for invasive procedures like biopsy.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Treatment Approach for CA T-Cell Mediated Kidney Rejection
Chronic active T-cell mediated kidney rejection (CA TCMR) refers to the term that was described for the very first time during the XIII Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology in 2015 as a variant of kidney allogenic graft rejection associated with long-term graft loss. Since then, the scientific community tries to establish optimal scheme of diagnostic methods and therapeutic approach. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Muse Cells
Muse cells, identified as pluripotent surface marker, stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3(+), are endogenous reparative pluripotent stem cells distributed in the bone marrow, peripheral blood and connective tissue of every organ. Since they are non-tumorigenic and do not require gene introduction or cytokine treatment to be rendered pluripotent and induce differentiation, they elicit few safety concerns. They can be delivered intravenously and do not require surgery for their administration since they selectively home to damaged site by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-S1PR2 axis after intravenous injection. Donor-Muse cells can be used without HLA-matching test or immunosuppressant treatment since they have a specific immunomodulatory system represented by HLA-G expression.
  • 996
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is a multi-step process with a high risk for complications during marrow ablation, during engraftment, or afterwards. Successful transplantation depends on the selection of the hematopoietic stem cell source, host preparation (conditioning regimen), and modulation of immune cell engraftment to minimize graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
  • 967
  • 07 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Polysaccharide Based Implantable Drug Delivery
Implantable drug delivery systems advocate a wide array of potential benefits, including effective administration of drugs at lower concentrations and fewer side-effects whilst increasing patient compliance. Amongst several polymers used for fabricating implants, biopolymers such as polysaccharides are known for modulating drug delivery attributes as desired. 
  • 954
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hypothermic and Normothermic Perfusion in Kidney Transplantation
Hypothermic and normothermic machine perfusion in kidney transplantation are purported to exert a beneficial effect on post-transplant outcomes compared to the traditionally used method of static cold storage. Kidney perfusion techniques provide a window for organ reconditioning and quality assessment.
  • 933
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Hypothermic Oxygenated Perfusion in Transplantation
Hypothermic Oxygenated Perfusion (HOPE) is a new liver preservation technique used in clinical trials. It may mitigate ischemia/reperfusion injury and improve organ function and patient outcomes.
  • 855
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Immunosuppression in Sensitized Patients
Following organ transplantation, sensitized patients have higher rates of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) compared to those who are non-sensitized. More stringent donor matching is required for these patients. Current approaches for sensitized patients focus on reducing preformed antibodies that preclude transplantation; however, this type of desensitization does not modulate the primed immune response in sensitized patients. Thus, an optimized maintenance immunosuppressive regimen is necessary for highly sensitized patients, which may be distinct from non-sensitized patients.
  • 845
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Kidney Transplantation during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Israel
Kidney transplant recipients may be at a high risk of developing critical COVID-19 illness due to chronic immunosuppression and comorbidities. Kidney donors were scrutinized for prevention of disease transmission to the donor and exposure of the operating room and surgical ward staff.
  • 836
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory and immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS), commonly affecting young adults and potentially associated with life-long disability. About 14 disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) are currently approved for the treatment of MS. Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (AHSCT) is a highly efficacious and relatively safe therapeutic option for the treatment of highly active MS. Particularly, over recent years, the amount of evidence has grown, with significant improvements in the development of patient selection criteria, choice of the most suitable transplant technique and clinical experience.
  • 831
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immune Response against the Graft in Renal Transplantation
Kidney transplantation is the better choice for patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD), since it improves the quality of life of the recipients and reduces the associated cost of dialysis. However, long-term transplant survival remains a challenge in the renal transplantation community. The main causes of long-term graft loss are acute and chronic rejection, as well as the complications related to immunosuppression therapy.
  • 826
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Applications of Colonic Transendoscopic Enteral Tubing
The limitation of traditional delivery methods for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) gave birth to colonic transendoscopic enteral tubing (TET) to address the requirement of frequent FMTs. Colonic TET as a novel endoscopic intervention has received increasing attention in practice since 2015 in China. Emerging studies from multiple centers indicate that colonic TET is a promising, safe, and practical delivery method for microbial therapy and administering medication with high patient satisfaction.
  • 824
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction-Related Post-Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
The endothelium is a very active organ formed by a thin layer of heterogeneous cells that delignate the barrier between the circulating blood and other tissues. Normal function of the endothelium is of paramount clinical significance, as it plays a key role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and a balanced coagulation but also in host defense, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains the only therapy with a curative potential for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. The major limitation of the procedure is the significant morbidity and mortality mainly associated with the development of graft versus host disease (GVHD) as well as with a series of complications related to endothelial injury, such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD), transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA), etc. Endothelial cells (ECs) are key players in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and during allo-HSCT are confronted by multiple challenges, such as the toxicity from conditioning, the administration of calcineurin inhibitors, the immunosuppression associated infections, and the donor alloreactivity against host tissues. 
  • 814
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning in Liver Transplantation
Liver transplantation outcomes have improved. Looking for the best Donor-Recipient matching (D-R matching) as always been a challenge for the liver transplantation surgeons. Most of the proposed scores based on conventional biostatistics are not good classifiers of a problem that is considered “unbalanced.” The implementation of artificial intelligence in medicine has experienced exponential growth. Deep learning, a branch of artificial intelligence with capability to handle a large number of variables with speed and multi-objective analysis. Artificial neural networks and random forests are the most widely used deep-learning classifiers in this field. Both classifiers have been able to show a high predictive ability in the graft survival of a D-R pair compared to traditional classifiers. There are even researchers that have successfully created a matching model based on one of them.
  • 807
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA
Solid organ transplant (SOT) is an effective therapy for end-stage diseases and organ failures, which is a lifesaving, transformational and restorative procedure for improving the quality and longevity of life. SOT relies on the effective surveillance of graft which includes serial laboratory testing and biopsies. The immune system acts on all foreign particles that enter the body and produces antibodies in response. Similarly, when an organ is transplanted, the immune system recognizes it and acts against it, consequently destroying the perceived foreign cells in the form of the transplanted organ. Due to the huge gap between the need and availability of organs, one cannot risk an organ failure after a transplant, owing merely to the immune response. To overcome this several measures are taken at each step, right from the beginning where the best suitable match for the organ is searched for, succeeded by the advanced medications and immunotherapy given to the recipients in order to suppress the immune response, until the enhanced post-transplant patient care. Post-transplant recipients are kept under surveillance and strict regimes to avoid any complications that may lead to either damage or rejection of the transplanted organ. Around 7% of renal transplants fail after a year, 17% fail after 3 years, and 46% fail after 10 years. Among heart transplants, about 10% of the transplants fail in one year and 30% in 5 years. Similarly, among liver transplant recipients around 20% of failures are reported in 1 year and 30% of failures in 5 years, thereby making graft rejection a pertinent obstacle in transplantation.
  • 787
  • 07 Jan 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 4
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback
<<2020-2029
201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030
<<2020-2029
201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030