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Topic Review
Physical Properties of Food Materials
The physical properties of food materials have defined those properties that can only be measured by physical means rather than chemical means. Food materials are basically naturally occurring biological-originated raw materials that have their own exclusive physical identity that makes them unique in nature. Due to the uniqueness of their physical properties, to properly measure the different physical characteristics of any food materials to get control and understand about the changes in their native physical characteristics with the influence of time-temperature-processing-treatment-exposure, proper measurement techniques for various physical properties of food materials are required with numerous desired outputs.
  • 11.4K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Extraction Methods for Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins are considered high added-value compounds due to their sensory qualities, colors, and nutritional properties; they are considered bioactive ingredients. They are found in high concentrations in many by-products across the food industry. At present, expensive raw materials and production technologies make the extraction of natural anthocyanins relatively expensive.
  • 7.3K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Agrivoltaic System
Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) offer a symbiotic strategy for co-location sustainable renewable energy and agricultural production. This is particularly important in densely populated developing and developed countries, where renewable energy development is becoming more important; however, profitable farmland must be preserved. As emphasized in the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) nexus, AVS advancements should not only focus on energy management, but also agronomic management (crop and water management). 
  • 6.1K
  • 05 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Leaves
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) ascribed to the family Anacardiaceae has been adjudged as the vital traditionally significant and one of the most economically important tropical fruit crop globally.
  • 4.8K
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Ejectors
Ejectors are broadly of two types based on geometric construction, constant area mixing (CAM) and constant pressure mixing (CPM). Eamesproposed a new design with constant rate of momentum change, which has the advantage of both CAM and CPM. Computational and experimental studies show better overall performance of ejectors with increases in critical condensing temperatures and higher entrainment ratios.
  • 4.0K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Air pollution and Fuel Combustion
Air pollution is a precursor to many health issues such as difficulty breathing, asthma, lung and heart diseases, and cancer. 
  • 4.0K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Multilevel DC-AC Inverters (MLIs) Topologies
Achieving a soft-switching operation is a challenging task in the development of multilevel inverters for EV motor drives. Nevertheless, multilevel inverters can present several exclusive advantages that are mainly beneficial to EVs. To be exact, they can produce nearby-sinusoidal voltage waveforms with only fundamental frequency, producing smaller harmonic contents in the output current and voltage, reduced power losses, produce almost no EMI, are appropriate for high rating motor drives, and adequate for BEVs where floating DC power sources are logically obtainable. One can overcome the difficulties of the traditional two-level inverter (TLIs). Thus, the expansion of multilevel inverters for EVs can be rapidly accelerated. Multilevel AC output waveforms can be produced by MLI circuit arrangements. Multilevel DC-AC inverters topologies can be classified as classical and advanced inverters.
  • 3.9K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Application of Analog-to-Digital Converter in Ultrasonic Imaging System
The ADC, a bridge between the analog world and the digital world, converts the analog signals to digital so that the analog signal in the baseband can be processed by the back-end computer or microprocessor.
  • 3.4K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Water Extraction from the Atmosphere for Arid Zones
The air may be used as a sustainable water supply because it contains over 14,000 km3 of water vapor. There are two methods for extracting water from ambient air. The first approach entails lowering the temperature of humid ambient air to below the dew point. The second method entails sucking water vapor from moist ambient air with a solid adsorbent and a liquid absorbent and then retrieving the water by heating the absorbent and liquefying the evaporated water. Dew water appears to be an easy way to supplement drinking water supplies in a few parts of the world. Small animals and plants are the primary consumers of dew water, as it is necessary for maintaining their activities in a semiarid or dry environment. 
  • 3.3K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Energy-Saving and Sustainable Building Systems
Generally, energy used in a building can be accrued in various ways and a statistical process can be used for studying the building’s overall performance and minimizing the energy requirement of the building. Different statistical models are used to interpret the real-world data in terms of individual theory to develop energy-efficient buildings. Underfloor air distribution, double-glazed windows, use of highly efficient electric motors and variable speed drives may play a great role in reducing building energy consumption. In the UK, the application of double-glazed windows in commercial buildings can save 39–53% energy. The proper maintenance of a building’s central heating system can save up to 11% energy. The automatic HVAC control system can reduce up to 20% of the building’s total heating load. Proper utilization of a VSD system in motor and building performance optimization by an ANOVA tool also proved instrumental in saving energy.
  • 3.0K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Fish Pond Water Quality
The spread of disease caused by the presence of bacteria, algae, protozoa, and fungi in a fish pond can cause biological pollution and reduce fish product production. Water can quickly lose its ability to support life, reproduction, waste excretion, growth, and feed the fish in fish ponds. The needs of the fish, the water quality, and factors for managing the water quality should be understood by those wishing to be successful fish farmers.
  • 2.7K
  • 30 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Measuring Grain Loss during Harvest in Paddy Field
A combine harvester has been widely employed for harvesting paddy in Malaysia. However, it is one of the most challenging machines to operate when harvesting grain crops. Improper handling of a combine harvester can lead to a significant amount of grain loss. Any losses during the harvesting process would result in less income for the farmers.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Automatic Crop Harvesting
Agriculture 4.0 is transforming farming livelihoods thanks to the development and adoption of technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics, traditionally used in other productive sectors. Soft robotics and soft grippers in particular are promising approaches to lead to new solutions in this field due to the need to meet hygiene and manipulation requirements in unstructured environments and in operation with delicate products. Soft grippers are those end-effectors that use materials and actuation methods that are soft, flexible and compliant and that enable the holding of an object to be manipulated. In this context, soft technologies can be defined as the set of theories, techniques and procedures that enable key functions of soft robotic grippers, such as actuation, gripping and shape control methods.
  • 2.4K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Precision Spraying
Precision spraying, defined as the targeted spraying, obtains the target information (e.g., size, shape, structure, and canopy density, etc.) of the tree and then apply pesticides as needed. It addresses overdosing or underdosing problem by efficiently applying pesticides to the target area and substantially reducing pesticide usage while maintaining efficacy at preventing crop losses.
  • 2.4K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Permanent Magnet Machines for High-Speed Applications
High-speed electrical machines have been extensively researched in the last few decades for industrial and domestic applications, including compressors, vacuum pumps, turbine generators, machine tools, flywheel energy storages, and so on. Compared with low-speed and moderate-speed conventional electrical machines, high-speed electrical machines offer advantages such as high-power density, small size, and light weight. More importantly, high-speed electrical machines can be directly connected to high-speed loads, and conventional gear boxes are no longer needed, which avoids complex gear box systems, improves system efficiency and reliability, and reduces system vibration, noise, and cost. With the evolution in the field of power electronics converters, the problems of high frequency supplies, required for high-speed operation, is no longer a restriction. The development of high-speed electrical machines is also supported by the development of high-speed bearing systems with high robustness, fewer losses, and longer lifetime.
  • 2.4K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Removal of Inorganic Nitrogen from Wastewater
Water contamination due to various nitrogenous pollutants generated from wastewater treatment plants is a crucial and ubiquitous environmental problem nowadays. Nitrogen contaminated water has manifold detrimental effects on human health as well as aquatic life. Consequently, various biological and bioelectrochemical treatment processes are employed to transform the undesirable forms of nitrogen in wastewater to safer ones for subsequent discharge.
  • 2.2K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Complementary Foods
Food safety is imperative, especially for infants and young children because of their underdeveloped immune systems. This requires adequate nutritious food with appropriate amounts of macro- and micronutrients. Currently, a well-established system for infant food is enforced by the regulatory bodies, but no clear system exists for complementary food, which is consumed by children from the age of 6 month to 24 months. As the child grows beyond 6 months, the need for nutrients increases, and if the nutritional needs are not fulfilled, it can lead to health problems, such as stunted growth, weak immune system, and cardiovascular diseases. Hence, it is important to have regulatory bodies monitoring complementary food in a similar capacity as is required for infant formula. 
  • 2.2K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cold Plasma
Plasma is referred to as the fourth state of matter. It is an ionized gas comprising several excited atomic, molecular, ionic, and radical species, co-existing with electrons, positive and negative ions, free radicals, gas atoms, molecules in the ground or excited state, and quanta of electromagnetic radiation (UV photons and visible light).
  • 2.2K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Plant
Hyperspectral remote sensing provides image data with very high spectral resolution. This high resolution allows subtle differences in plant health to be recognized. Such a multidimensional data space, generated by hyperspectral sensors, has given rise to new approaches and methods for analyzing hyperspectral data.
  • 2.0K
  • 31 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Major Losses in Wheat Combine Harvester Operation
Wheat harvesting is one of the most important links in the whole wheat production process. In China, the wheat planting areas are wide, and the patterns are diversified. In addition, the problem of harvest losses caused by the numerous brands and low performance of domestic combine harvesters has always existed. Any losses during harvesting will result in less income for the farmers.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Nov 2022
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