Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Lattice Materials
Lattice material is a cellular material consisting of a periodic network of structural elements such as rods or beams. This network of lattices exists over a wide spectrum of scale from the nanoscale to macroscale and has been applied in a wide area of applications. In the nanoscale spectrum, most of the CNT (Carbon Nano Tube) based sensors are made using lattice materials. Micro-lattices material is being developed intensively as it offers high energy absorption capability. On a macroscale, due to its high stiffness and lightweight properties, lattice materials are widely used in aerospace applications.
  • 3.5K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Nonlocal Elasticity for Nanostructures: A Review of Recent Achievements
Recent developments in modeling and analysis of nanostructures are illustrated and discussed in this paper. Starting with the early theories of nonlocal elastic continua, a thorough investigation of continuum nano-mechanics is provided. Two-phase local/nonlocal models are shown as possible theories to recover consistency of the strain-driven purely integral theory, provided that the mixture parameter is not vanishing. Ground-breaking nonlocal methodologies based on the well-posed stress-driven formulation are shown and commented upon as effective strategies to capture scale-dependent mechanical behaviors. Static and dynamic problems of nanostructures are investigated, ranging from higher-order and curved nanobeams to nanoplates. Geometrically nonlinear problems of small-scale inflected structures undergoing large configuration changes are addressed in the framework of integral elasticity. Nonlocal methodologies for modeling and analysis of structural assemblages as well as of nanobeams laying on nanofoundations are illustrated along with benchmark applicative examples.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cryotropic Gelation and Macroporous Scaffolds
Cryogels obtained by the cryotropic gelation process are macroporous hydrogels with a well-developed system of interconnected pores and shape memory. Biodegradable cryogels have been prepared from natural polymers (biopolymers) and synthetic polymers with biodegradable/bioresponsive bonds containing bio-resembling or artificial units. The cryogels could be composed of one type of polymer or a combination of different materials. Polymers from natural origins (plants or animals) attract considerable attention for their intrinsic biocompatibility and potential ability to mimic ECM, favoring cell-matrix interactions for tissue-engineering and regeneration.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Principle of Action and Reaction According to Newton
The principle of action and reaction is generally considered the least problematic and interesting of Newton’s three laws of dynamics—least problematic because it seems self-evident, and least interesting because Newton’s mechanics of Principia essentially represents the dynamics of a mass point, while the principle of action and reaction is mainly important in the case of a set of bodies that interact with each other. However, reading Newton’s text is enough for the principle to appear equally problematic and interesting as the other two. This entry aims to justify this statement and to help clarify the meaning of the principle.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Food
Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, is a fabrication technology that has raised interest in many areas. It is a manufacturing process that builds up complex solid (or semi-solid) forms by means of a layer-by-layer process. 
  • 889
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Friction Behavior of Rough Surfaces on Contact Mechanics
Contact and friction are closely related to the engineering industry, especially in the technologies associated with rolling bearing, wheel–rail control, head–disk interaction and so on. Therefore, which factors are related to the contact mechanical properties of solid surface and how to design and control the interface friction coefficient are hot issues in scientific research and engineering practice. In fact, the contact behavior and friction properties are closely related to the microstructure of the contact surface. Based on the accurate characterizations of the surface topography, the corresponding research can start from the local contact model, investigating the contact and friction relationships of each contact asperity of the rough surface, and finally accurately predicting the contact relationships and friction performances of the interfaces. 
  • 666
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Additively Manufactured Polymeric Metamaterials
Metamaterials are architected cellular materials, also known as lattice materials, that are inspired by nature or human engineering intuition and provide multifunctional attributes that cannot be achieved by conventional polymeric materials and composites. There has been an increasing interest in the design, fabrication, and testing of polymeric metamaterials due to the recent advances in digital design methods, additive manufacturing techniques, and machine learning algorithms. 
  • 630
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Shear Thickening Mechanism
Shear thickening fluid (STF) is a dense colloidal suspension of nanoparticles in a carrier fluid in which the viscosity increases dramatically with a rise in shear rate. Due to the excellent energy absorption and energy dissipation of STF, there is a desire to employ STFs in a variety of impact applications.
  • 619
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
3D Printing in Critical Infrastructure System
Additive manufacturing methods are among the technologies that have extremely versatile and a broad potential for use in many fields. However, it should be considered that in relation to critical infrastructure, they can also be considered from the traditional point of view of production systems allowing for the manufacture of machine and equipment components. At the same time, they can be an element of the system, performing functions in crisis situations to sustain the operation of strategic technical equipment, such as the production of spare parts by 3D printing in the absence of access to original parts.
  • 618
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Investigating Creep of Intervertebral Discs under Axial Compression
Creep responses of intervertebral discs (IVDs) are essential for spinal biomechanics clarification. Yet, there still lacks a well-recognized investigation protocol for this phenomenon. Researchers aim at providing an overview of the in vitro creep tests reported by previous studies, specifically specimen species, testing environment, loading regimes and major results, based on which a preliminary consensus that may guide future creep studies is proposed. Specimens used in creep studies can be simplified as a “bone–disc–bone” structure where three mathematical models can be adopted for describing IVDs’ responses. The preload of 10–50 N for 30 min or three cycles followed by 4 h-creep under constant compression is recommended for ex vivo simulation of physiological condition of long-time sitting or lying. It is worth noticing that species of specimens, environment temperature and humidity all have influences on biomechanical behaviors, and thus are summarized and compared. All factors should be carefully set according to a guideline before tests are conducted to urge comparable results across studies. To this end, researchers also provide a guideline, as mentioned before, and specific steps that might facilitate the community of biomechanics to obtain more repeatable and comparable results from both natural specimens and novel biomaterials.
  • 552
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Concurrent Topology Optimization of Composite Plates
Thin-walled composite plates have been widely used as structural components in various engineering applications to bear static and dynamic loads. The vibrations caused by the dynamic loads are transmitted to passengers and precision equipment, which reduces the crew’s comfort, affects normal operations, and shortens the service life of high-precision equipment. There is a rising demand to design optimal composites that have a superior combination of high stiffness and exceptional vibration mitigation capability. 
  • 552
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Factors in the Design of Bird Diverters
The design of bird diverters should be based upon the perception of birds, not the perception of humans, but until now it is human vision that has guided diverter design. Aspects of bird vision pertinent to diverter design are reviewed.
  • 530
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Gel Ball Shooter
Gel blasters, also known as gel guns, gel shooters, gel markers, hydro markers, hydro blasters, water bead blasters or gelsoft, are toy guns similar in design to airsoft guns, but the projectiles they shoot are 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) superabsorbent polymer water beads (most commonly sodium polyacrylate, colloquially called water beads, hydrogel balls, gel balls, water bullets or simply gels), which are often sold commercially as moisture retainers for gardening and pot/vase floriculture. Gel blasters are often played in CQB-style shooting skirmishes similar to paintball by squads or local clubs of enthusiasts often referred to as "gelballers", but follows an airsoft-like honor-based gameplay umpiring system. MilSim games involving players wearing camouflage and dump pouches are very popular, while "SpeedGel" players are more casual with team jerseys and often wear paintball masks. In addition to safety gear such as eye protections, the sport is heavily regulated on the field and players must adhere to safety rules.
  • 501
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of Condensation Frosting
Icing in the form of condensation frosting occurs ubiquitously in our daily life and numerous industrial applications. As the frost layer mostly comprises mixed microscopic dendrites and discrete air-pockets, condensation frosting manifests a thick porous media and thus catastrophically compromises the heat transfer efficiency of HVAC systems. Despite being a popular research topic for centuries, a few unprecedented advances in the study of condensation frosting have been only achieved very recently, such as the revealing of new features in the incipient stages of frost formation which used to be too fast or too small to capture, and new anti-/de- frosting techniques developed based on the revealed physics. 
  • 428
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostics of Bolted Joints in Vibrating Screens
The condition-based maintenance of vibrating screens requires new methods of their elements’ diagnostics due to severe disturbances in measured signals from vibrators and falling pieces of material. The bolted joints of the sieving deck, when failed, require a lot of time and workforce for repair. Dynamical effects are investigated, which can occur due to bolted joints' degradation. Based on a reduced order dynamical model, important potential issues in screen design are discovered and new methods of diagnostics are developed.
  • 409
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
MoS2 Nanomaterials as Lubricant Additives
Improving the lubricating properties of base oils through additives is a crucial objective of tribological research, as it helps to reduce friction and wear of materials. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a 2D nanomaterial with excellent tribological properties that is often used as a lubricant additive. Several studies have been conducted on the preparation and utilization of MoS2 and its nanocomposites as lubricant additives. 
  • 398
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Wind Turbine Blade Recycling Materials
The rapid growth of the wind energy industry has resulted in a significant increase in Wind Turbine Blade (WTB) waste, posing challenges for recycling due to the composite materials used in their construction. Each recycling technique employs distinct approaches, all to reclaim the valuable fibres in these blades. Mechanical recycling yields resin-rich, fibre-rich, and other qualities of byproducts, while pyrolysis generates fibres, fillers, gas, and oil.
  • 371
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Predictive Maintenance of Machinery with Rotating Parts
All kinds of vessels consist of dozens of complex machineries with rotating parts and electric motors that operate continuously in harsh environments with excess temperature, humidity, vibration, fatigue, and load. A breakdown or malfunction in one of these machineries can significantly impact a vessel’s operation and safety and, consequently, the safety of the crew and the environment. To maintain operational efficiency and seaworthiness, the shipping industry invests substantial resources in preventive maintenance and repairs.
  • 260
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
XFEM for Material Design
The eXtended finite element method (XFEM) is a powerful tool for structural mechanics, assisting engineers and designers in understanding how a material architecture responds to stresses and consequently assisting the creation of mechanically improved structures. The XFEM method has unraveled the extraordinary relationships between material topology and fracture behavior in biological and engineered materials, enhancing peculiar fracture toughening mechanisms, such as crack deflection and arrest.
  • 240
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Tolerance Specifications Management Integrated into Product Development Cycle
A product’s geometrical specification is the result of so-called tolerancing activity. A product specification represents the information contained in the technical product documentation (TPD) stating the product requirements.
  • 229
  • 28 Feb 2024
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback