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Topic Review
Transition from Industry 4.0 to Society 5.0
In the era of Industry 4.0, manufacturing and production systems were revolutionized by increasing operational efficiency and developing and implementing new business models, services, and products. Several countries have begun orchestrating initiatives towards the design and development of the human-centric aspect of technologies, systems, and services, which has been coined as Industry 5.0. The impact of Industry 5.0 will extend to societal transformation, which eventually leads to the generation of a new society, the Society 5.0.
  • 6.7K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Smart manufacturing, an advanced form of traditional manufacturing
Traditional manufacturing is an industrial process that converts materials into a finished product using a labor-intensive low-end operation, low precision, average resource utilization and efficiency for economic value.
  • 5.1K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Kraft Lignin
After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer worldwide. Lignins are non-toxic and renewable, and hence may play an essential role during the change-over from a fossil-based to a bio-based economy. Lignin isolation from Kraft cooking is state of the art, the three state of the art processes are summarized and discussed, further the concept of sequerntial liquid lignin recovery is introduced.
  • 4.8K
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Six-Gear Roadmap towards Smart Factory
The fourth industrial revolution is the transformation of manufacturing into smart manufacturing. Advanced industrial digital technologies that make the trend Industry 4.0 are considered as the transforming force that will enable this transformation. However, these technologies need to be connected, integrated and used effectively to create value and to provide insights for data driven manufacturing. Smart manufacturing is a journey and requires a roadmap to guide manufacturing organizations for its adoption. The proposed roadmap is a simple holistic management strategy for an Industry 4.0 implementation journey. It serves as a strategic practical tool for rapid adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. It bridges the gap between the advanced technologies and their application in manufacturing industry, especially for SMEs.
  • 4.7K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Vegetable Oils as Lubricants
Vegetable oils have been used as metalworking fluids (MWFs) for many years, particularly in small-scale metalworking operations and in industries where environmental regulations are strict. Before the development of modern MWFs, vegetable oils were one of the most common lubricants used for metalworking tools. The use of vegetable oils can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where olive oil was commonly used to lubricate metal tools and weapons. 
  • 3.7K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cigarette Filter
A cigarette filter is a component of a cigarette, along with cigarette paper, capsules and adhesives. It does not make cigarettes less unhealthy. The filter may be made from cellulose acetate fibre, paper or activated charcoal (either as a cavity filter or embedded into the cellulose acetate). Macroporous phenol-formaldehyde resins and asbestos have also been used in cigarette filters. The acetate and paper modify the particulate smoke phase by particle retention (filtration), and finely divided carbon modifies the gaseous phase (adsorption). Filters can reduce "tar" and nicotine smoke yields up to 50%, with a greater removal rate for other classes of compounds (e.g., phenols), but are ineffective in filtering toxins such as carbon monoxide. Most of these measured reductions occur only when the cigarette is smoked on a smoking machine; when a human smokes them, deliveries remain similar with or without a filter. Most factory-made cigarettes are equipped with a filter; those who roll their own can buy them from a tobacconist. The near-universal adoption of filters on cigarettes has not reduced harms to smokers; for instance, lung cancer rates have not declined. Filling a given length of cigarette with filter is cheaper than filling it with tobacco.
  • 3.6K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Introduction to Nanofluids
Due to the combination of thermal engineering and the rapid rise of nanotechnology research over the past two decades, novel heat transfer fluids known as “nanofluids” have emerged. A “nanofluid” is a heat transfer fluid that has 1–100 nm-sized “nanoparticles”, which are suspended nanoparticles, scattered throughout the base fluid. To increase the stability of the working fluid, it is crucial to make sure the nanoparticle size is smaller than 100 nm. Water, oils, organic liquids (such as tri-ethylene-glycols, ethylene and refrigerants) and bio-fluids polymeric solutions are the most often utilized base fluids. Numerous studies throughout the years have documented diverse nanofluid preparation methods with various nanoparticle types and their heat transfer capabilities, in addition to advancing the information about nanofluids.
  • 3.4K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Submarine Cables Radial Water Barrier
The submarine cables manufacturing industry is growing very rapidly. Solutions used so far, usually adapted from designs of land cables, do not fulfil the new, more demanding requirements. The phenomenon of water ingress into insulation and its absorption are basic factors determining the service life of submarine cables. The radial water barrier is the only effective component of cable design that may guarantee the required minimum 30-year longevity of submarine cables.
  • 3.4K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Out-of-Autoclave Process for Composite Manufacturing
Composite materials have gained increased usage due to their unique characteristic of a high-stiffness-to-weight ratio. High-performing composite materials are produced in the autoclave by applying elevated pressure and temperature. The process is characterized by numerous disadvantages, such as long cycle time, massive investment, costly tooling, and excessive energy consumption. As a result, composite manufacturers seek a cheap alternative to reduce cost and increase productivity. The out-of-autoclave (OoA) process manufactures composites by applying vacuum, pressure, and heat outside of the autoclave.
  • 2.8K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Human–Machine Relationship
The human–machine relationship was dictated by human needs and what technology was available at the time. Changes within this relationship are illustrated by successive industrial revolutions as well as changes in manufacturing paradigms.  
  • 2.7K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Novel Bioactive Extraction and Nano-Encapsulation
An extraction technology works on the principle of two consecutive steps that involves mixture of solute with solvent and the movement of soluble compounds from the cell into the solvent and its consequent diffusion and extraction. The conventional extraction techniques are mostly based on the use of mild/high temperatures (50–90 °C) that can cause thermal degradation, are dependent on the mass transfer rate, being reflected on long extraction times, high costs, low extraction efficiency, with consequent low extraction yields. Due to these disadvantages, it is of interest to develop non-thermal extraction methods, such as microwave, ultrasounds, supercritical fluids (mostly using carbon dioxide, SC-CO2), and high hydrostatic pressure-assisted extractions which works on the phenomena of minimum heat exposure with reduced processing time, thereby minimizing the loss of bioactive compounds during extraction. Further, to improve the stability of these extracted compounds, nano-encapsulation is required. Nano-encapsulation is a process which forms a thin layer of protection against environmental degradation and retains the nutritional and functional qualities of bioactive compounds in nano-scale level capsules by employing fats, starches, dextrins, alginates, protein and lipid materials as encapsulation materials.
  • 2.3K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Digital Hydraulic Technology
The digital hydraulic technology as a system which controls a discrete fluid with a modulated, discrete, digital signal directly to realize active and intelligent control of the system output. The hydraulic components with such technical characteristics can be defined as digital hydraulic components. The system composed by digital hydraulic components can also be defined as digital hydraulic system. What is more, the essential feature of digital hydraulic technology is intelligent control; technology which can only realize on/off control cannot be classified as digital hydraulic technology.
  • 2.3K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
High-Speed Motorized Spindles of CNC Machine Tools
High-speed motorized spindles tend to develop in the direction of high precision, high speed, low energy consumption, high efficiency, and high reliability. 
  • 2.3K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Wearables in Higher Education
Wearable sensors have traditionally been used to measure and monitor vital human signs for well-being and healthcare applications. However, there is a growing interest in using and deploying these technologies to facilitate teaching and learning, particularly in a higher education environment. 
  • 2.2K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Natural Fiber Composites
Recent advancements in natural fiber composites have minimized the usage of man-made fibers, especially in the field of structural applications such as aircraft stiffeners and rotor blades. However, large variations in the strength and modulus of natural fiber degrade the properties of the composites and lower the safety level of the structures under dynamic load. Without compromising the safety of the composite structure, it is significant to enrich the strength and modulus of natural fiber reinforcement for real-time applications.
  • 2.2K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing Technology in Railway Infrastructure Systems
Additive manufacturing technologies, well known as three-dimensional printing (3DP) technologies, have been applied in many industrial fields, including aerospace, automobiles, shipbuilding, civil engineering and nuclear power. However, despite the high material utilization and the ability to rapidly construct complex shaped structures of 3D printing technologies, the application of additive manufacturing technologies in railway track infrastructure is still at the exploratory stage. 
  • 2.2K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Strain Rate Sensitivity
Strain rate is a parameter related with dynamic loading phenomena, which are common in industrial applications.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Strategy Change on Business Process Management
In the pursuit of economic survival in the current competitive conditions with the aim of long-term prosperity and sustainability in the market, many companies today approach significant strategic changes in the management of their business. The design of a systematic procedure for implementing strategy changes into internal business processes for a project-oriented production type of organization is of importance. 
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Silicon Micro-Strip Detectors
Silicon micro-strip detectors are fundamental tools for the high energy physics. Each detector is formed by a large set of parallel narrow strips of special surface treatments (diode junctions) on a slab of very high quality silicon crystals. Their development and use required a large amount of work and research. A very synthetic view is given of these important components and of their applications. Some details are devoted to the basic subject of the track reconstruction in silicon strip trackers. Recent demonstrations substantially modified the usual understanding of this argument.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Design and Operation Mode of Zigzag Air Classifier
The zigzag (ZZ) classifier is a sorting and classification device with a wide range of applications (e.g. recycling, food industry). Due to the possible variation of geometry and process settings, the apparatus is used for various windows of operation due to the specifications of the separation (e.g. cut sizes from 100 µm to several decimetres, compact and fluffy materials as well as foils).
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Apr 2022
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