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Topic Review
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has made an invaluable contribution to the field of regenerative medicine, paving way for identifying the true potential of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). iPSCs have been widely used in cardiac disease modelling, studying inherited arrhythmias, neural disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, liver disease, and spinal cord injury. Extensive research around identifying factors that are involved in maintaining the identity of ESCs during induction of pluripotency in somatic cells is undertaken. 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cell-Scaffold Constructs for Bone Regeneration Therapy
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a process of combining live osteoblast progenitors with a biocompatible scaffold to produce a biological substitute that can integrate into host bone tissue and recover its function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most researched post-natal stem cells because they have self-renewal properties and a multi-differentiation capacity that can give rise to various cell lineages, including osteoblasts. BTE technology utilizes a combination of MSCs and biodegradable scaffold material, which provides a suitable environment for functional bone recovery and has been developed as a therapeutic approach to bone regeneration.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Melatonin/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes
Melatonin (MLT) is involved in many functions of the human body, mainly in sleeping-related disorders. It also has anti-oxidant potential and has been proven very effective in the treatment of seasonal affective disorders (SAD), which afflict some people during short winter days. Melatonin has been implicated in a range of other conditions, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s and other neurological conditions, and in certain cancers. Its poor solubility in water leads to an insufficient absorption that led scientists to investigate MLT inclusion in cyclodextrins (CDs), as inclusion of drugs in CDs is a way of increasing the solubility of many lipophilic moieties with poor water solubility. 
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Polysaccharides in Agro-Industrial Biomass Residues
The use of waste biomass to produce biopolymers and nutricosmetic or pharmacological materials is increasing, although still scarcely compared to its great potential, employment, and valorization. Organic waste biomass is a great source of natural polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, hyaluronic acid, inulin, and pectin. Biomass from the agricultural sectors is a relevant part of waste generation and commonly comprises leaves, roots, stalks, bark, bagasse, seeds, straw, wood, animal parts, crustacean shells, and others. Polysaccharides are the most abundant biological materials on the planet. This natural abundance contributes to the discovery of their novel applications. Their industrial use is still very modest considering their versatility and great potential, although it has recently seen significant increases.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review Video Peer Reviewed
The Human Passion for Music
Music is a universal feature of human societies, which suggests that an evolutionary perspective should help people understand the appreciation. The reward (pleasure) system of the brain offers a suitable framework. The primary evolutionary advantage is probably related to the importance of language; features of sound, such as purity, harmony, complexity, and rhythmicity, are useful for facilitating oral communication. One would expect evolution to associate rewards with these qualities in order to stimulate the development of brain regions involved in interpreting and producing relevant sounds. There are additional adaptive aspects of music, such as relaxation, social coherence, and sexual selection. Music can be regarded as a superstimulus that accentuates and exploits rewards associated with hearing. As such, music is not necessarily adaptive in a biological sense, but serves the purpose of improving quality of life. 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Food Quality Evaluation
Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is becoming an increasingly popular analytical technique for characterizing and identifying various products; its multi-element analysis, fast response, remote sensing, and sample preparation is minimal or nonexistent, and low running costs can significantly accelerate the analysis of foods with medicinal properties (FMPs). 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Active Compounds from Antrodia cinnamomea
Antrodia cinnamomea is a precious and popular edible and medicinal mushroom. It has attracted increasing attention due to its various and excellent bioactivities, such as hepatoprotection, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antitumor, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and gut microbiota regulation properties. To elucidate its bioactivities and develop novel functional foods or medicines, numerous studies have focused on the isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds of A. cinnamomea. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
2021 Columbia University Strike
The 2021 Columbia University strike was a labor strike involving graduate students at Columbia University in New York City . The strike, which began on March 15, 2021, was organized by the Graduate Workers of Columbia–United Auto Workers Local 2110, a labor union representing student workers at the university. This union was formed in December 2016 and has had a contentious relationship with the university since its founding, with the university only agreeing to recognize the union in 2019. That same year, the union and university began to negotiate a labor contract, but disagreements between the two entities have prevented an agreement from being made. The main issue concerns union recognition, with the university recognizing only fully-funded doctoral students as union members, while the union also recognizes master's students and undergraduate teaching assistants as members. Additional issues include disagreements over health benefits and child care, among others. While the union voted in March 2020 to authorize strike action, these plans were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in February 2021, still without a labor contract, the union announced their intent to strike the following month. The strike began on March 15 as an open-ended strike action, with no set end date. The strike coincided with a tuition strike that had been coordinated by the local chapter of the Young Democratic Socialists of America. Picketing and other forms of protest were held at numerous Columbia locations throughout New York City, and multiple elected officials and politicians announced their support for the strikers. On April 19, a contract proposal was submitted for ratification by the union members, but it was rejected in a rank-and-file vote. Following this, a vote was held in early May to determine the future of the strike, with a majority of voters choosing to end the strike, which officially ended on May 13. Following the end of the strike, on July 3, new leaders for the union were elected who promised to continue to push for a labor contract with the university. Additionally, the name of the union was changed to the Student Workers of Columbia. While negotiations were set to resume on August 25, a disagreement between who should be allowed to attend the meeting caused an impasse, with Columbia pushing for a closed-door meeting with a limited number of attendees and the union wanting the negotiations open to all members. On September 15, the union initiated another strike authorization vote and filed an unfair labor practice charge against the university.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heterogeneous Relation
In mathematics, a heterogeneous relation is a binary relation, a subset of a Cartesian product A × B, where A and B are distinct sets. The prefix hetero is from the Greek ἕτερος (heteros, "other, another, different"). A heterogeneous relation has been called a rectangular relation, suggesting that it does not have the square-symmetry of a homogeneous relation on a set where A = B. Commenting on the development of binary relations beyond homogeneous relations, researchers wrote, "...a variant of the theory has evolved that treats relations from the very beginning as heterogeneous or rectangular, i.e. as relations where the normal case is that they are relations between different sets." Developments in algebraic logic have facilitated usage of binary relations. The calculus of relations includes the algebra of sets, extended by composition of relations and the use of converse relations. The inclusion R ⊆ S, meaning that aRb implies aSb, sets the scene in a lattice of relations. But since [math]\displaystyle{ P \subseteq Q \equiv (P \cap \bar{Q} = \varnothing ) \equiv (P \cap Q = P), }[/math] the inclusion symbol is superfluous. Nevertheless, composition of relations and manipulation of the operators according to Schröder rules, provides a calculus to work in the power set of A × B. In contrast to homogeneous relations, the composition of relations operation is only a partial function. The necessity of matching range to domain of composed relations has led to the suggestion that the study of heterogeneous relations is a chapter of category theory as in the category of sets, except that the morphisms of this category are relations. The objects of the category Rel are sets, and the relation-morphisms compose as required in a category.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Post-Harvest Insect Management Practices in Ethiopia
Ethiopian subsistence farmers traditionally store their grain harvests, leaving them open to storage pests and fungi that can cause contamination of major staple crops. Applying the most effective strategy requires a precise understanding of the insect species, infestation rates, storage losses, and storage conditions in the various types of farmers’ grain stores.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Application of Amphibian Skin and Skin Secretion
Amphibians have been consumed as an alternative protein source all around the world due to their delicacy. The skin of edible amphibians, particularly frogs and giant salamanders, always goes to waste without further utilization. However, these wastes can be utilized to extract protein and bioactive peptides (BPs). Various BPs have been extracted and reported for numerous biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, etc. The main BPs identified were brevinins, bombesins, dermaseptins, esculentins, magainin, temporins, tigerinins, and salamandrins. 
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Probabilistic Decline Curve Analysis Approaches
The decline curve analysis (DCA) technique is the simplest, fastest, least computationally demanding, and least data-required reservoir forecasting method. Assuming that the decline rate of the initial production data will continue in the future, the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) can be determined at the end of the well/reservoir lifetime based on the declining mode. Many empirical DCA models have been developed to match different types of reservoirs as the decline rate varies from one well/reservoir to another. In addition to the uncertainties related to each DCA model’s performance, structure, and reliability, any of them can be used to estimate one deterministic value of the EUR, which, therefore, might be misleading with a bias of over- and/or under-estimation. To reduce the uncertainties related to the DCA, the EUR could be assumed to be within a certain range, with different levels of confidence. Probabilistic decline curve analysis (pDCA) is the method used to generate these confidence intervals (CIs), and many pDCA approaches have been introduced to reduce the uncertainties that come with the deterministic DCA.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Phosphorus Dendrimers for the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are defined as matter that has at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nm, and that generally has different properties from its bulk. Phosphorus dendrimers are hyperbranched macromolecules synthesized step-by-step, bearing a phosphorus atom at each branching point. Such type of dendrimers are suitable for the synthesis of diverse types of metal nanoparticles from organometallic precursors.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Reliability of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors in Cold Environments
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors (AECs) are vital in efficiently operating switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) by regulating energy storage and voltage. These capacitors are widely used due to their high capacitance and cost-effectiveness. However, their performance at low temperatures is a critical aspect that demands a thorough investigation, particularly in applications where SMPSs are subjected to sub-zero operating conditions. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pictor
Pictor, a relatively faint constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, is named after the easel used by artists to hold their canvases. It is located between the star Canopus and the Large Magellanic Cloud.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are a superfamily of RNA-binding proteins consisting of more than 20 members. These proteins play a crucial role in various biological processes by regulating RNA splicing, transcription, and translation through their binding to RNA.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
External Human–Machine Interface of AVs
In future urban traffic, it is more likely that automated vehicles (AVs) will operate not in separated traffic spaces but in so-called mixed traffic environments where different types of traffic participants interact. Therefore, AVs must be able to communicate with other traffic participants, e.g., pedestrians as vulnerable road users (VRUs), to solve ambiguous traffic situations. Taking current traffic communication patterns into account, a combination of implicit communication via the driving behavior (e.g., deceleration, position in lane) and explicit communication via an external Human–Machine Interface (eHMI) seems to be a promising approach. The eHMI consists of an external interface connected to the vehicle, which can transmit explicit signals enabling interaction between AVs and other TPs.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nanofiber
Nanofibers are considered versatile materials with remarkable potential in tissue engineering and regeneration. In addition to their extracellular matrix-mimicking properties, nanofibers can be functionalized with specific moieties (e.g., antimicrobial nanoparticles, ceramics, bioactive proteins, etc.) to improve their overall performance.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Telomere in Aging and Cancer
The history of telomere was initially closely related to the concept of senescence. They were conceived as the internal biological clock limiting the proliferation potential of eukaryotic cells (Hayflick limit). Telomeres are crucial structures that preserve genome stability. Their progressive erosion over numerous DNA duplications determines the senescence of cells and organisms. As telomere length homeostasis is critical for cancer development, nowadays, telomere maintenance mechanisms are established targets in cancer treatment.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Astrocytic GABAergic Regulation in Alcohol Use
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Most GABAergic neurons synthesize GABA from glutamate and release it in the synaptic cleft in the CNS. However, astrocytes can also synthesize and release GABA, activating GABA receptors in the neighboring neurons in physiological and pathological conditions. As the primary homeostatic glial cells in the brain, astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating GABA homeostasis and synaptic neurotransmission. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that astrocytic GABA dysregulation is implicated in psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), the most prevalent co-occurring psychiatric disorders. 
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Feb 2024
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