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Topic Review
Parkin Downregulation in TDP-43 Proteinopathies
Parkin and PINK1 are key regulators of mitophagy, an autophagic pathway for selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria. To this date, parkin depletion has been associated with recessive early onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) caused by loss-of-function mutations in the PARK2 gene, while, in sporadic PD, the activity and abundance of this protein can be compromised by stress-related modifications. Intriguingly, research in recent years has shown that parkin depletion is not limited to PD but is also observed in other neurodegenerative diseases—especially those characterized by TDP-43 proteinopathies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). 
  • 869
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Iron-Binding Catecholato Chelators
Siderophores are iron-complexing compounds synthesized by bacteria and fungi. They are low molecular weight compounds (500-1500 Daltons) possessing high affinity for iron(III). This entry reports an integrated computational/synthetic approach towards a rational development of peptide-based siderophores.
  • 868
  • 16 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Seaweed-Based Molecules
Seaweeds are a novel source of potentially active compounds (proteins–lectins, phycobiliproteins, peptides, amino acids, polyphenols, and polysaccharides) to be exploited in human health benefits, such as antiviral, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-obesity, and diabetes modulator. Shannon and Abu-Ghannam, suggested seaweed as nutraceuticals or functional foods with dietary benefits beyond their fundamental macronutrients, highlighting their significant effect on obesity and dietary related disease. This study also suggested recent developments of seaweed applications for human health from epidemiological and functional food perspectives.
  • 868
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Triterpenoids in Momordica charantia
The vines and leaves of Momordica charantia L. are used as herbal medicines to treat inflammation-related disorders. However, their safety profile remains uncharacterized, and the constituents in their extracts that exert anti-inflammatory and adverse effects remain unclear. This study isolated the characteristic cucurbitane-type triterpenoid species in the vines and leaves of M. charantia L. and analyzed their cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects, and underlying mechanisms. Four structurally related triterpenoids—momordicines I, II, IV, and (23E) 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23-dien-19-al (TCD)—were isolated from the triterpenoid-rich fractions of extracts from the vines and leaves of M. charantia. Momordicine I was cytotoxic on normal cells, momordicine II exerted milder cytotoxicity, and momordicine IV and TCD had no obvious adverse effects on cell growth. TCD had anti-inflammatory activity both in vivo and in vitro. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, TCD inhibited the inhibitor kappa B kinase/nuclear factor-κB pathway and enhanced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 and p38. Thus, the vines and leaves of M. charantia should be used with caution. An extraction protocol that can enrich TCD but remove momordicine I would likely enhance the safety of the extract.
  • 868
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ovarian Aging
Ovarian aging has a genetic basis that conditions the ovarian activity via a plethora of cell-signaling pathways that control the functions of different types of cells in the ovary. There are various factors that can influence these pathways so as to reduce their efficiency. Oxidative stress, often related to mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to the apoptosis of ovarian cells, can be at the origin of vicious circles in which the primary cause feeds back other abnormalities, resulting in an overall decline in the ovarian activity and in the quantity and quality of oocytes.
  • 867
  • 27 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Immunosuppressive Roles of Galectin-1
Genetic alterations are heritable, and as a result the cells harboring these aberrations are subject to Darwinian selection. Immunologically, tumor cells can be regarded as modified self-cells that have eluded typical growth-regulating machinery. The evasion of immune surveillance is an accepted hallmark of tumor progression, and treatment strategies for targeting immune-suppressive pathways have led to enhanced patient survival in multiple cancers.
  • 867
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Inorganic SOD1 Inhibitors with Anti-Cancer Prospects
For eukaryotic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) encompass a group of molecules derived from oxygen. Due to the well-established role of ROS in cell signaling, cancer cells always have higher levels of endogenous ROS to enhance rapid cell growth and proliferation through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and hypoxia-sensitive α (HIF1α) pathways. Evaluated ROS have frequently been observed in various cancers, which activate multiple pro-tumourigenic signaling, and induce survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion are the most important redox signaling agents in cancer cells, whose homeostasis is maintained by dozens of growth factors, cytokines and antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, antioxidant enzymes, especially Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), tend to have higher activities to maintain the homeostasis of ROS in cancer cells. We can inhibit the activity of SOD1 using copper chelators to kill cancer cells. 
  • 867
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
miR-23b-3p, miR-124-3p, and miR-218-5p Regulate Cervical Cancer Progression
In cervical cancer (CC), miR-23b-3p, miR-124-3p, and miR-218-5p have been found to act as tumor suppressors by regulating cellular processes related to progression and metastasis.
  • 867
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in the Food Industry
Nanoparticles (NPs) are clusters of atoms in the nano-scale. The use of inorganic NPs has expanded into various industries including food manufacturing, agriculture, cosmetics, and construction. This has allowed NPs access to the human gastrointestinal tract, yet little is known about their impact on human health. As the gut microbiome continues to be increasingly implicated in various gut diseases of unknown etiology, researchers have begun studying the potentially toxic effects of NPs on the gut microbiome and gut barrier. This research has been invaluable in determining the impact of NPs on the intestinal tract ultimately showing that NPs have the potential to contribute to diseases including inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. With a focus on inorganic nanoparticles, this review presents a discussion of these studies while highlighting NP characteristics, study design, and techniques. Additionally, NP-induced changes to microbial composition are compared with disease-associated alterations in order to elucidate a potential link.
  • 866
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles Application as Drug Delivery Carriers
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released into the extracellular milieu by cells of various origins. They contain different biological cargoes, protecting them from degradation by environmental factors. There is an opinion that EVs have a number of advantages over synthetic carriers, creating new opportunities for drug delivery. There are minimal requirements for carriers used for therapeutic nucleic acids (tNAs) delivery in the clinic. Briefly, they should provide for long circulation, low immunogenicity, and high intracellular accumulation of tNAs, simultaneously. In addition, the tNA delivery system must be biodegradable and act in a specific manner. A number of reviews have already discussed the use of EVs as a delivery system in various aspects: the EV surface molecules potentially involved in their interaction with recipient cells, the doses of EVs used for preclinical studies, strategies for engineering EVs with specific targeting ligands, approaches used for increasing the EV stability in the bloodstream. 
  • 866
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
DDX20
DEAD-box decapping enzyme 20 (DDX20) is a putative RNA-decapping enzyme that can be identified by the conserved motif Asp–Glu–Ala–Asp (DEAD). Cellular processes involve numerous RNA secondary structure alterations, including translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and assembly of ribosomes and spliceosomes. DDX20 reportedly plays an important role in cellular transcription and post-transcriptional modifications. On the one hand, DDX20 can interact with various transcription factors and repress the transcriptional process. On the other hand, DDX20 forms the survival motor neuron complex and participates in the assembly of snRNP, ultimately affecting the RNA splicing process. Finally, DDX20 can potentially rely on its RNA-unwinding enzyme function to participate in microRNA (miRNA) maturation and act as a component of the RNA-induced silencing complex. 
  • 866
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
ncRNA Subtypes, Biogenesis, and Turnover
Epigenetics investigates modifications in the expression of genes that do not depend on the underlying DNA sequence. Some studies have confirmed that environmental factors, such as toxicants, may promote a phenotype or a disease in an individual or even in the subsequent progeny through epigenetic alterations. Several epigenetic mechanisms, including modifications in DNA (e.g., methylation), histones, and non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can change genome expression under the exogenous influenc. The latent interest in epigenetics has resulted in breakthroughs in seminal concepts in diseases ranging from autoimmune conditions to cancer, congenital diseases, mental retardation, endocrine diseases, pediatric diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and many others.
  • 866
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ribonuclease Inhibitor
Protein synthesis is a highly complex process executed by well-organized translation machinery. Ribosomes, tRNAs and mRNAs are the principal components of this machinery whereas RNA binding proteins and ribosome interacting partners act as accessory factors. Angiogenin (ANG) – Ribonuclease inhibitor (RNH1) system is one such accessory part of the translation machinery that came into focus afresh due to its unconventional role in the translation.
  • 865
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a severe hereditary form of anemia that results from a single mutation in the sixth codon of the gene encoding the β-globin chain (from glutamic acid to valine) of the adult Hb tetramer (α2β2), which is prone to polymerization at low oxygen levels.
  • 865
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cyclic Nucleotide (cNMP) Analogues
Cyclic nucleotides are important signaling molecules involved in cellular events in pro- and eukaryotes, and analogues of this type of molecules are promising drug candidates.
  • 865
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Glycolysis under Circadian Control
Glycolysis is considered a main metabolic pathway in highly proliferative cells, including endothelial, epithelial, immune, and cancer cells. Although oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is more efficient in ATP production per mole of glucose, proliferative cells rely predominantly on aerobic glycolysis, which generates ATP faster compared to OXPHOS and provides anabolic substrates to support cell proliferation and migration. Cellular metabolism, including glucose metabolism, is under strong circadian control. Circadian clocks control a wide array of metabolic processes, including glycolysis, which exhibits a distinct circadian pattern.
  • 865
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Role of miRs in Polyphenol-Mediated Anticancer
The anticancer effects of daily consumption of polyphenols. These dietary polyphenols include chlorogenic acid, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, genistein, quercetin, and resveratrol. These polyphenols have similar chemical and biological properties in that they can act as antioxidants and exert the anticancer effects via cell signaling pathways involving their reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity. These polyphenols may also act as pro-oxidants under certain conditions, especially at high concentrations. Epigenetic modifications, including dysregulation of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs are now known to be involved in the anticancer effects of polyphenols. These polyphenols can modulate the expression/activity of the component molecules in ROS-scavenger-triggered anticancer pathways (RSTAPs) by increasing the expression of tumor-suppressive ncRNAs and decreasing the expression of oncogenic ncRNAs in general. Multiple ncRNAs are similarly modulated by multiple polyphenols. Many of the targets of ncRNAs affected by these polyphenols are components of RSTAPs. Therefore, ncRNA modulation may enhance the anticancer effects of polyphenols via RSTAPs in an additive or synergistic manner, although other mechanisms may be operating as well.
  • 865
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
TATDN2
Replicative DNA polymerases are blocked by nearly all types of DNA damage. The resulting DNA replication stress threatens genome stability. DNA replication stress is also caused by depletion of nucleotide pools, DNA polymerase inhibitors, and DNA sequences or structures that are difficult to replicate. Replication stress triggers complex cellular responses that include cell cycle arrest, replication fork collapse to one-ended DNA double-strand breaks, induction of DNA repair, and programmed cell death after excessive damage. Replication stress caused by specific structures (e.g., G-rich sequences that form G-quadruplexes) is localized but occurs during the S phase of every cell division.
  • 865
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Myelin Basic Protein Interaction Landscape
Intrinsically disordered myelin basic protein (MBP) is one of the key autoantigens in autoimmune neurodegeneration and multiple sclerosis particularly. MBP is highly positively charged and lacks a distinct structure in solution, and therefore its intracellular partners are still mostly enigmatic. Here authors used combination of formaldehyde-induced cross-linking followed by immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to elucidate the interaction network of MBP in mammalian cells and provide the list of potential MBP interacting proteins.
  • 864
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
CCCTC-Binding Factor for Chromatin Regulation
Chromatin, a macromolecular complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins, provides a framework for the packaging of genetic material within the cell nucleus. Its organization plays a crucial role in gene expression and is regulated by a diverse array of protein complexes in response to a dynamic code of histone posttranslational modifications and DNA modifications. Architectural proteins are essential epigenetic regulators that play a critical role in organizing chromatin and controlling gene expression. CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor) is a key architectural protein responsible for maintaining the intricate 3D structure of chromatin. Because of its multivalent properties and plasticity to bind various sequences, CTCF is similar to a Swiss knife for genome organization.
  • 864
  • 25 May 2023
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