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Topic Review
Retinal Amyloid-β
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a 39–43 amino acid protein peptide that originates from the amyloidogenic pathway with cleavage of a transmembrane glycoprotein, amyloid precursor protein (APP), by β- and γ-secretase. Retinal Aβ accumulations in neurodegeneration-associated disorders like Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration have been extensively studied and regarded as an overlapping pathological feature between these disorders with no successful cure. 
  • 855
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SH003 as a Therapeutic Anticancer Agent
SH003, a novel herbal medicine containing Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica gigas, and Trichosanthes kirilowii, showed the potential to act as an anticancer agent in previous research studies.
  • 855
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Importance of Krüppel-Like Factors in Cardiovascular Diseases
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a set of DNA-binding proteins belonging to a family of zinc-finger transcription factors, which have been associated with many biological processes related to the activation or repression of genes, inducing cell growth, differentiation, and death, and the development and maintenance of tissues. In response to metabolic alterations caused by disease and stress, the heart will undergo cardiac remodeling, leading to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). KLFs are among the transcriptional factors that take control of many physiological and, in this case, pathophysiological processes of CVD. KLFs seem to be associated with congenital heart disease-linked syndromes, malformations because of autosomal diseases, mutations that relate to protein instability, and/or loss of functions such as atheroprotective activities. Ischemic damage also relates to KLF dysregulation because of the differentiation of cardiac myofibroblasts or a modified fatty acid oxidation related to the formation of a dilated cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarctions, left ventricular hypertrophy, and diabetic cardiomyopathies.
  • 855
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles Application as Drug Delivery Carriers
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released into the extracellular milieu by cells of various origins. They contain different biological cargoes, protecting them from degradation by environmental factors. There is an opinion that EVs have a number of advantages over synthetic carriers, creating new opportunities for drug delivery. There are minimal requirements for carriers used for therapeutic nucleic acids (tNAs) delivery in the clinic. Briefly, they should provide for long circulation, low immunogenicity, and high intracellular accumulation of tNAs, simultaneously. In addition, the tNA delivery system must be biodegradable and act in a specific manner. A number of reviews have already discussed the use of EVs as a delivery system in various aspects: the EV surface molecules potentially involved in their interaction with recipient cells, the doses of EVs used for preclinical studies, strategies for engineering EVs with specific targeting ligands, approaches used for increasing the EV stability in the bloodstream. 
  • 855
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
DDX20
DEAD-box decapping enzyme 20 (DDX20) is a putative RNA-decapping enzyme that can be identified by the conserved motif Asp–Glu–Ala–Asp (DEAD). Cellular processes involve numerous RNA secondary structure alterations, including translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and assembly of ribosomes and spliceosomes. DDX20 reportedly plays an important role in cellular transcription and post-transcriptional modifications. On the one hand, DDX20 can interact with various transcription factors and repress the transcriptional process. On the other hand, DDX20 forms the survival motor neuron complex and participates in the assembly of snRNP, ultimately affecting the RNA splicing process. Finally, DDX20 can potentially rely on its RNA-unwinding enzyme function to participate in microRNA (miRNA) maturation and act as a component of the RNA-induced silencing complex. 
  • 855
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
TATDN2
Replicative DNA polymerases are blocked by nearly all types of DNA damage. The resulting DNA replication stress threatens genome stability. DNA replication stress is also caused by depletion of nucleotide pools, DNA polymerase inhibitors, and DNA sequences or structures that are difficult to replicate. Replication stress triggers complex cellular responses that include cell cycle arrest, replication fork collapse to one-ended DNA double-strand breaks, induction of DNA repair, and programmed cell death after excessive damage. Replication stress caused by specific structures (e.g., G-rich sequences that form G-quadruplexes) is localized but occurs during the S phase of every cell division.
  • 855
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Immunosuppressive Roles of Galectin-1
Genetic alterations are heritable, and as a result the cells harboring these aberrations are subject to Darwinian selection. Immunologically, tumor cells can be regarded as modified self-cells that have eluded typical growth-regulating machinery. The evasion of immune surveillance is an accepted hallmark of tumor progression, and treatment strategies for targeting immune-suppressive pathways have led to enhanced patient survival in multiple cancers.
  • 854
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy Regulation by miRNAs and Ubiquitination System
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules encoded by endogenous genes with ~22 nucleotides which are involved in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are common post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells and important pathways in regulating protein degradation and signal transduction, in which E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs) play a decisive role. MiRNA and ubiquitination are involved in the regulation of most biological processes, including autophagy.
  • 854
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without alterations to the DNA sequence, linking the genome to its surroundings. The accumulation of epigenetic alterations over the lifespan may contribute to neurodegeneration.
  • 854
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Enoxacin as a Small-Molecule Enhancer of microRNA
Enoxacin is a second-generation quinolone with promising anticancer activity. In contrast to other members of the quinolone group, it exhibits an extraordinary cytotoxic mechanism of action. Enoxacin enhances RNA interference and promotes microRNA processing, as well as the production of free radicals. Interestingly, apart from its proapoptotic, cell cycle arresting and cytostatic effects, enoxacin manifests a limitation of cancer invasiveness. The underlying mechanisms are the competitive inhibition of vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway suppression. The mentioned mechanisms seem to contribute to a safer, more selective and more effective anticancer therapy.
  • 854
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Let-7 as a Target in Aging-Related Diseases
Lethal-7 (let-7) was discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and plays an important role in development by regulating cell fate regulators. Accumulating evidence has shown that let-7 is elevated in aging tissues and participates in multiple pathways that regulate the aging process, including affecting tissue stem cell function, body metabolism, and various aging-related diseases (ARDs). Moreover, recent studies have found that let-7 plays an important role in the senescence of B cells, suggesting that let-7 may also participate in the aging process by regulating immune function. Therefore, these studies show the diversity and complexity of let-7 expression and regulatory functions during aging.
  • 854
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
NRF2 in Chronic Kidney Disease
Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (NRF2) plays a central role in protecting cells from oxidative injury. As a transcription factor, NRF2 induces gene expression of enzymes that combat the effects of oxidative stress.
  • 853
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Seaweed-Based Molecules
Seaweeds are a novel source of potentially active compounds (proteins–lectins, phycobiliproteins, peptides, amino acids, polyphenols, and polysaccharides) to be exploited in human health benefits, such as antiviral, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-obesity, and diabetes modulator. Shannon and Abu-Ghannam, suggested seaweed as nutraceuticals or functional foods with dietary benefits beyond their fundamental macronutrients, highlighting their significant effect on obesity and dietary related disease. This study also suggested recent developments of seaweed applications for human health from epidemiological and functional food perspectives.
  • 853
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hsp70 in Redox Homeostasis
Hsp70 is a key chaperone in protein quality control and the central hub of the cellular proteostasis network, participating in numerous cellular processes by interacting with different clients. Hsp70 is tightly related to redox homeostasis in several ways, including functional regulation of Hsp70 caused by post-translational modifications (especially cysteine modifications), induced expression of Hsp70 caused by oxidative stress, Hsp70-dependent proteostasis under oxidative stress and redox-related signaling pathways involving Hsp70.
  • 853
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Breast Cancer
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is expressed in breast cancer cells and tumors and in some studies, the AhR is a negative prognostic factor for patient survival. Structurally diverse AhR ligands have been extensively investigated as anticancer agents in breast cancer cells and tumors and show efficacy in both estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER -negative breast cancer cells. Moreover, synthetic AhR ligands are being developed and have been in clinical trials for treating breast cancer.
  • 853
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Regulation of Ferroptosis in Cancer Therapy
Ferroptosis, characterized by glutamate overload, glutathione depletion, and cysteine/cystine deprivation during iron- and oxidative-damage-dependent cell death, is a particular mode of regulated cell death. It is expected to effectively treat cancer through its tumor-suppressor function, as mitochondria are the intracellular energy factory and a binding site of reactive oxygen species production, closely related to ferroptosis. 
  • 853
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Presepsin as Sepsis Early Marker
The diagnosis and treatment of sepsis have always been a challenge for the physician, especially in critical care setting such as emergency department (ED), and currently sepsis remains one of the major causes of mortality. Although the traditional definition of sepsis based on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria changed in 2016, replaced by the new criteria of SEPSIS-3 based on organ failure evaluation, early identification and consequent early appropriated therapy remain the primary goal of sepsis treatment. Unfortunately, currently there is a lack of a foolproof system for making early sepsis diagnosis because conventional diagnostic tools like cultures take a long time and are often burdened with false negatives, while molecular techniques require specific equipment and have high costs. In this context, biomarkers, such as C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Procalcitonin (PCT), are very useful tools to distinguish between normal and pathological conditions, graduate the disease severity, guide treatment, monitor therapeutic responses and predict prognosis. 
  • 852
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cyclic Nucleotide (cNMP) Analogues
Cyclic nucleotides are important signaling molecules involved in cellular events in pro- and eukaryotes, and analogues of this type of molecules are promising drug candidates.
  • 852
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Methoxyfuranocoumarins of Natural Origin
Plant secondary metabolites, including furanocoumarins, have attracted attention for decades as active molecules with therapeutic potential, especially those occurring in a limited number of species as evolutionarily specific and chemotaxonomically important. The most famous methoxyfuranocoumarins (MFCs), bergapten, xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin, phellopterin, byakangelicol, byakangelicin, isobergapten, pimpinellin, sphondin, as well as rare ones such as peucedanin and 8-methoxypeucedanin, apaensin, cnidilin, moellendorffiline and dahuribiethrins, have been investigated for their various biological activities.
  • 852
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Colistin
Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is an antibacterial cationic polypeptide that binds to the negatively charged lipid A of Gram-negative outer membrane lipopolysaccharide.  Colistin is a last resort antibiotic medication for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. 
  • 851
  • 02 Aug 2021
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