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Topic Review
Immune Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that harnesses the power of the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful pathogens and abnormal cells, including cancer cells. Normally, the immune system can recognize and destroy cancer cells, but sometimes cancer cells can evade the immune system and continue to grow and spread. Immunotherapy works by enhancing the ability of the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. 
  • 697
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite the advances in the knowledge of pathogenetic molecular mechanisms and the implementation of more effective drug treatments, the overall survival rate of patients remains unsatisfactory. The high death rate is mainly due to metastasis of cancer in about half of the cancer patients and the emergence of drug-resistant populations of cancer cells. Improved understanding of cancer molecular biology has highlighted the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in colorectal cancer development and evolution. ncRNAs regulate gene expression through various mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications and interactions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with both microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, and through the action of lncRNAs as miRNA precursors or pseudogenes. LncRNAs can also be detected in the blood and circulating ncRNAs have become a new source of non-invasive cancer biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer, as well as for predicting the response to drug therapy.
  • 696
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Measuring Cellular Kinetics
Novel modalities such as cell and gene therapies have proven to be efficacious for numerous clinical indications–primarily in rare disease and immune oncology. Because of this success, drug developers are heavily investing in these novel modalities. Given the complexity of these therapeutics, a variety of bioanalytical techniques are employed to fully characterize the pharmacokinetics of these therapies in clinical studies. Industry trends indicate that quantitative PCR (qPCR) and multiparameter flow cytometry are both valuable in determining the pharmacokinetics, i.e. cellular kinetics, of cell therapies.
  • 696
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Taxane-Based Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the Western world. Delineation of pathogenetic pathways and key driver molecular alterations involved in PCa development has provided a roadmap for the evaluation of biomarkers in predicting disease outcome and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Chemotherapeutic agents introduced from the 1990s include the taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel), which are the anticancer drugs used most frequently for PCa treatment. 
  • 696
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
A Personalized Longitudinal Strategy in Low-Grade Glioma Patients
Diffuse low-grade glioma (LGG) is a rare cerebral cancer, mostly involving young adults with an active life at diagnosis. If left untreated, LGG widely invades the brain and becomes malignant, generating neurological worsening and ultimately death. Early and repeat treatments for this incurable tumor, including maximal connectome-based surgical resection(s) in awake patients, enable postponement of malignant transformation while preserving quality of life owing to constant neural network reconfiguration. Due to considerable interindividual variability in terms of LGG course and consecutive cerebral reorganization, a multistage longitudinal strategy should be tailored accordingly in each patient. It is crucial to predict how the glioma will progress (changes in growth rate and pattern of migration, genetic mutation, etc.) and how the brain will adapt (changes in patterns of spatiotemporal redistribution, possible functional consequences such as epilepsy or cognitive decline, etc.). The goal is to anticipate therapeutic management, remaining one step ahead in order to select the optimal (re-)treatment(s) (some of them possibly kept in reserve), at the appropriate time(s) in the evolution of this chronic disease, before malignization and clinical worsening.
  • 696
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Extramammary Paget’s Disease
Extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) is a rare neoplasm that usually develops in the apocrine gland-bearing areas of older adults. Clinically, EMPD lesions often exhibit infiltrative erythema with crust and scale, sometimes resembling other skin disorders such as eczema. EMPD can be classified into primary and secondary EMPD manifestations.
  • 695
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Neoantigens in Cancer
 The clinical benefits of immune checkpoint blockage (ICB) therapy have been widely reported. In patients with cancer, researchers have demonstrated the clinical potential of antitumor cytotoxic T cells that can be reinvigorated or enhanced by ICB. Compared to self-antigens, neoantigens derived from tumor somatic mutations are believed to be ideal immune targets in tumors. Candidate tumor neoantigens can be identified through immunogenomic or immunopeptidomic approaches. Identification of neoantigens has revealed several points of the clinical relevance. Hence, immunotherapies using vaccines or adoptive T-cell transfer targeting neoantigens are potential innovative strategies. However, significant efforts are required to identify the optimal epitopes.
  • 695
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative-Stress-Sensitive microRNAs in UV-Promoted Development of Melanoma
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for skin cancer. Melanoma is the most life-threatening type of skin cancer. UV-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress represent two main mechanisms that, directly and indirectly, contribute to melanomagenesis. 
  • 695
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Secondary to Lung Cancer
Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is characterised by the compression of the spinal cord due to direct or metastatic spread to the vertebrae, potentially leading to neurological deficits. This condition constitutes an urgent situation in oncology, demanding swift diagnosis and immediate intervention due to the considerable risk of spinal cord damage and irreversible neurological repercussions. Spinal tumours resulting from the metastasis of lung cancer are particularly connected with an unfavourable prognosis, often displaying rapid advancement and limited survival. Treatment approaches encompass a combination of radiotherapy and potential surgery, which are tailored to each patient’s situation. Identifying such prognostic factors associated with shorter or longer survival subsequent to MSCC could contribute to tailoring distinct, more or less intensive therapeutic strategies for these individuals.
  • 695
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tumor-targeting Monoclonal Antibodies
Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the most widely used and characterized immunotherapy for hematologic and solid tumors.
  • 693
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Melanoma Tumor-Associated Macrophages
TAMs constitute a large fraction of infiltrating immune cells in melanoma tissues, but their significance for clinical outcomes remains unclear. Secretory phenotype, but not TAM density, size, location, nor CD11c/CD209 subsets polarity, correlates with patient survival.
  • 693
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
PUM and Cancer
PUM proteins and cancer Maciej Jerzy Smialek*, Erkut Ilaslan, Marcin Sajek and Jadwiga Jaruzelska* Citation: Lastname, F.; Lastname, F.; Lastname, F. Title. Encyclopedia 2021, 1, Firstpage–Lastpage. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx Received: date Accepted: date Published: date Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.                      Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).1Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; maciej.smialek@igcz.poz nan.pl (M.J.S.); erkut.ilaslan@igcz.poznan.pl (E.I.); marcin.sajek@igcz.poznan.pl (M.P.S.); jadwiga.jaruzelska@igcz.poznan.pl (J.J.) *Correspondence: jadwiga.jaruzelska@igcz.poznan.pl (J.J.); maciej.smialek@igcz.poznan.pl (M.J.S.) PUM1 and PUM2 are RNA-binding Pumilio proteins, form ribonucleoprotein networks controlling the accessibility of hundreds of mRNAs for translation, in a variety of human tissues. Hence, PUMs exemplify one of the mechanisms safeguarding the cellular proteome. PUM1 and PUM2 expression is disturbed in cancer, resulting in dysregulation of their target mRNAs. These targets encode factors responsible for processes usually affected in cancer, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and the cell cycle. 
  • 692
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Immune-Related Mutational Landscape for HNCs
Immunotherapy has emerged as a standard-of-care for most human malignancies, including head and neck cancer, but only a limited number of patients exhibit a durable clinical benefit. An urgent medical need is the establishment of accurate response predictors, which is handicapped by the growing body of molecular, cellular and clinical variables that modify the complex nature of an effective anti-tumor immune response. 
  • 692
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
O-GlcNAcylation in Cancer
O-GlcNAcylation is an emerging potential mechanism for cancer cells to induce proliferation and progression of tumor cells and resistance to chemotherapy.
  • 692
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Redox Regulation of Nrf2 in Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury
Cisplatin, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is marred by severe nephrotoxicity that is governed by mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. The transcription factor Nrf2, pivotal in cellular defense against oxidative stress and inflammation, is the master regulator of the antioxidant response, upregulating antioxidants and cytoprotective genes under oxidative stress.
  • 692
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ca2+ Signaling in metastasis
Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is a critical factor in breast cancer metastasis. In the proliferation stage, increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, P2Y2 channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCCs), and IP3 receptors and a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ concentration through plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPases and secretory pathway Ca2+ ATPases (SPCA) activate breast cancer cell proliferation. TRPM7, SOCC, inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), ryanodine receptor (RyR), and sarco-/endo-plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) increase the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins; meanwhile, SPCA and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) control the activation of EMT-related proteins. Increased Ca2+ through TRPC1, TRPM7/8, P2X7, and SOCC enhances breast cancer cell migration. The stromal interaction molecule (STIM)-Orai complex, P2X7, and Ca2+ sensing receptors are involved in invadopodia. Various pharmacological agents for Ca2+ channels have been proposed against breast cancer and have provided potential strategies for treating metastatic processes.
  • 692
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Multidisciplinary Management of Locally Advanced Vulvar Cancer
Locally advanced vulvar cancer (LAVC) requires a multidisciplinary management. Based on the available evidence, radiotherapy, with or without concurrent chemotherapy, has a relevant role in neoadjuvant, adjuvant or exclusive treatments. A multidisciplinary and multidimensional assessment can also be useful to identify the most suitable approach, in view of a better treatment personalization.
  • 691
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural particles formed by lipid bilayers and released from almost all cell types to the extracellular environment both under physiological conditions and in presence of a disease. EVs are involved in many biological processes including intercellular communication, acting as natural carriers in the transfer of various biomolecules such as DNA, various RNA types, proteins and different phospholipids. Thanks to their transfer and targeting abilities, they can be employed in drug and gene delivery and have been proposed for the treatment of different diseases, including cancer.
  • 690
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Role of Genetic Pathways in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Arrays of genes and molecular mechanisms underlie the development of chemoradiation resistance in NPC. Imperatively, unravelling the true pathogenesis of chemoradiation resistance is crucial as these significant proteins and genes can be modulated to produce an effective therapeutic target.
  • 690
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
AngiomiRs in Cancer
Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation through the migration, growth, and differentiation of endothelial cells.
  • 690
  • 21 Nov 2022
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