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Topic Review
Ca2+ Signaling in metastasis
Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is a critical factor in breast cancer metastasis. In the proliferation stage, increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, P2Y2 channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCCs), and IP3 receptors and a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ concentration through plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPases and secretory pathway Ca2+ ATPases (SPCA) activate breast cancer cell proliferation. TRPM7, SOCC, inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), ryanodine receptor (RyR), and sarco-/endo-plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) increase the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins; meanwhile, SPCA and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) control the activation of EMT-related proteins. Increased Ca2+ through TRPC1, TRPM7/8, P2X7, and SOCC enhances breast cancer cell migration. The stromal interaction molecule (STIM)-Orai complex, P2X7, and Ca2+ sensing receptors are involved in invadopodia. Various pharmacological agents for Ca2+ channels have been proposed against breast cancer and have provided potential strategies for treating metastatic processes.
  • 686
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
S-Nitrosylation in Tumor Microenvironment
S-nitrosylation is a selective and reversible post-translational modification of protein thiols by nitric oxide (NO), which is a bioactive signaling molecule, to exert a variety of effects. These effects include the modulation of protein conformation, activity, stability, and protein-protein interactions. S-nitrosylation plays a central role in propagating NO signals within a cell, tissue, and tissue microenvironment, as the nitrosyl moiety can rapidly be transferred from one protein to another upon contact. This modification has also been reported to confer either tumor-suppressing or tumor-promoting effects and is portrayed as a process involved in every stage of cancer progression. In particular, S-nitrosylation has recently been found as an essential regulator of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the environment around a tumor governing the disease pathogenesis. 
  • 686
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Imaging Assessment of Interval Metastasis from Melanoma
Interval metastasis is a particular metastatic category of metastatic localizations in the lymph nodes in patients with melanoma. Interval nodes are generally located at nonregional lymphatic stations placed along the pathway of the spread of melanoma, such as the epitrochlear lymph node station, the popliteal fossa, and the retroareolar station. Imaging techniques for evaluation of patients with interval metastasis from melanoma diseases include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lymphoscintigraphy (LS), and positron emission tomography (PET).
  • 686
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Related Fatigue
Cancer treatments can cause adverse effects such as cancer-related fatigue. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a relatively new therapy for some cancers and have shown great promise in helping people. Physical activity has been shown to aid many cancer patients to overcome adverse effects in traditional chemotherapy, but along with ICIs, it hasn’t been fully examined.
  • 685
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Therapy for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
The development of several antiHuman Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) treatments over the last few years has improved the landscape of HER2-positive breast cancer. Despite this, relapse is still the main issue in HER2-positive breast cancer. The reasons for therapeutic failure lie in the heterogeneity of the disease itself, as well as in the drug resistance mechanisms.
  • 685
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
AngiomiRs in Cancer
Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation through the migration, growth, and differentiation of endothelial cells.
  • 685
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tumor-targeting Monoclonal Antibodies
Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the most widely used and characterized immunotherapy for hematologic and solid tumors.
  • 684
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
LncRNAs: Novel Biomarkers for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly neoplasms and the seventh major cause of cancer-related deaths among both males and females. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides and have no protein-coding capacity. lncRNAs have been recently found to influence the progression and initiation of pancreatic cancer. MACC1-AS1, LINC00976, LINC00462, LINC01559, HOXA-AS2, LINC00152, TP73-AS1, XIST, SNHG12, LUCAT1, and UCA1 are among the oncogenic lncRNAs in pancreatic cancer.
  • 684
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Taxane-Based Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the Western world. Delineation of pathogenetic pathways and key driver molecular alterations involved in PCa development has provided a roadmap for the evaluation of biomarkers in predicting disease outcome and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Chemotherapeutic agents introduced from the 1990s include the taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel), which are the anticancer drugs used most frequently for PCa treatment. 
  • 684
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
PUM and Cancer
PUM proteins and cancer Maciej Jerzy Smialek*, Erkut Ilaslan, Marcin Sajek and Jadwiga Jaruzelska* Citation: Lastname, F.; Lastname, F.; Lastname, F. Title. Encyclopedia 2021, 1, Firstpage–Lastpage. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx Received: date Accepted: date Published: date Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.                      Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).1Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; maciej.smialek@igcz.poz nan.pl (M.J.S.); erkut.ilaslan@igcz.poznan.pl (E.I.); marcin.sajek@igcz.poznan.pl (M.P.S.); jadwiga.jaruzelska@igcz.poznan.pl (J.J.) *Correspondence: jadwiga.jaruzelska@igcz.poznan.pl (J.J.); maciej.smialek@igcz.poznan.pl (M.J.S.) PUM1 and PUM2 are RNA-binding Pumilio proteins, form ribonucleoprotein networks controlling the accessibility of hundreds of mRNAs for translation, in a variety of human tissues. Hence, PUMs exemplify one of the mechanisms safeguarding the cellular proteome. PUM1 and PUM2 expression is disturbed in cancer, resulting in dysregulation of their target mRNAs. These targets encode factors responsible for processes usually affected in cancer, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and the cell cycle. 
  • 683
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Dysregulation of KCNK9 Imprinting and TNBC
Genomic imprinting is an inherited form of parent-of-origin specific epigenetic gene regulation that is dysregulated by poor prenatal nutrition and environmental toxins. KCNK9 encodes for TASK3, a pH-regulated potassium channel membrane protein that is overexpressed in 40% of breast cancer. However, KCNK9 gene amplification accounts for increased expression in <10% of these breast cancers.
  • 683
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
IGF System in Cancer
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is a dynamic network of proteins, which includes cognate ligands, membrane receptors, ligand binding proteins and functional downstream effectors. It plays a critical role in regulating several important physiological processes including cell growth, metabolism and differentiation. Importantly, alterations in expression levels or activation of components of the IGF network are implicated in many pathological conditions including diabetes, obesity and cancer initiation and progression. 
  • 682
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural particles formed by lipid bilayers and released from almost all cell types to the extracellular environment both under physiological conditions and in presence of a disease. EVs are involved in many biological processes including intercellular communication, acting as natural carriers in the transfer of various biomolecules such as DNA, various RNA types, proteins and different phospholipids. Thanks to their transfer and targeting abilities, they can be employed in drug and gene delivery and have been proposed for the treatment of different diseases, including cancer.
  • 682
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Extramammary Paget’s Disease
Extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) is a rare neoplasm that usually develops in the apocrine gland-bearing areas of older adults. Clinically, EMPD lesions often exhibit infiltrative erythema with crust and scale, sometimes resembling other skin disorders such as eczema. EMPD can be classified into primary and secondary EMPD manifestations.
  • 682
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
O-GlcNAcylation in Cancer
O-GlcNAcylation is an emerging potential mechanism for cancer cells to induce proliferation and progression of tumor cells and resistance to chemotherapy.
  • 682
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Barriers to Adolescent Oncofertility Care
Adolescent cancer patients experience parent, patient, and health care system barriers to developmentally appropriate oncofertility care.
  • 682
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CAFS for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Segmentation
Accurate segmentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is essential to its treatment effect. CAFS addresses the above challenges through three mechanisms: the teacher–student cooperative segmentation mechanism, the attention mechanism, and the feedback mechanism. CAFS can use only a small amount of labeled nasopharyngeal carcinoma data to segment the cancer region accurately. The average DSC value of CAFS is 0.8723 on the nasopharyngeal carcinoma segmentation task. 
  • 682
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Gene Analysis of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is a disease characterized by various clinical behaviors and biological characteristics. Breast cancer (BC) is heterogenous, showing variable morphologic and biological features; thus, it has different clinical behaviors and responses to treatment. Based on molecular and histological evidence, BC could be categorized into three groups: (1) BC expressing hormone receptor (estrogen receptor (ER+) or progesterone receptor (PR+)) commonly noted as luminal tumors and are responsive to endocrine therapy, (2) BC expressing human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2+) which is characterized by the overexpression of HER2 oncogene and is treated with trastuzumab, (3) Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (ER−, PR−, HER2−) subtype, which is associated with high mortality rates and is not responsive to some drug treatment approaches.
  • 682
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Spermatocytic Tumor
Spermatocytic tumor (ST) is a very rare disease, accounting for approximately 1% of testicular cancers. Previously classified as spermatocytic seminoma, it is currently classified within the non-germ neoplasia in-situ-derived tumors and has different clinical-pathologic features when compared with other forms of germ cell tumors (GCTs). A web-based search of MEDLINE/PubMed library data was performed in order to identify pertinent articles. In the vast majority of cases, STs are diagnosed at stage I and carry a very good prognosis. The treatment of choice is orchiectomy alone. Nevertheless, there are two rare variants of STs having very aggressive behavior, namely anaplastic ST and ST with sarcomatous transformation, that are resistant to systemic treatments and their prognosis is very poor. 
  • 682
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a poorly understood disease with aggressive features, high relapse rates, and significant morbidity as well as mortality, yet persistently limited treatment options. On the other hand, immunotherapy has been a thriving concept that revolutionized treatment options in multiple malignancies, rendering previously untreatable diseases potentially curable. In extensive stage SCLC, immunotherapy significantly altered the course of disease and is now part of the treatment algorithm in the first-line setting. Nevertheless, the important questions that arise are how best to implement immunotherapy, who would benefit the most, and finally, how to enhance responses.
  • 681
  • 29 Mar 2022
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