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Topic Review
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly aggressive malignant bone tumor, frequently occurring in children and adolescents with an annual incidence of over three per million worldwide.
  • 709
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a cancer mainly caused by asbestos fiber inhalation, characterized by an extremely long latency and poor prognosis.
  • 709
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
PI3K-AKT Pathway Modulation by Thymoquinone
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of death in men and the fourth in women worldwide and is characterized by deranged cellular energetics. Thymoquinone, an active component from Nigella sativa, has been extensively studied against cancer, however, its role in affecting deregulated cancer metabolism is largely unknown. Further, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is one of the most activated pathways in cancer and its activation is central to most deregulated metabolic pathways for supporting the anabolic needs of growing cancer cells.
  • 709
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Neuroendocrine Neoplasia
Neuroendocrine neoplasms are rare entities consisting of a heterogeneous group of tumors that can originate from neuroendocrine cells present in the whole body. Their different behavior, metastatic potential, and prognosis are highly variable, depending on site of origin, grade of differentiation, and proliferative index. The aim of our work is to summarize the current knowledge of immunotherapy in different neuroendocrine neoplasms and its implication in clinical practice.
  • 708
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Inflammatory Cytokine as Attractive Target for Cancer Treatment
The inflammatory tumor microenvironment consists of inflammatory cells, chemokines, cytokines, and signaling pathways. Among them, inflammatory cytokines play an especially pivotal role in cancer development, prognosis, and treatment. Interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interferons, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are the representative inflammatory cytokines in various cancers, which may promote or inhibit cancer progression. The pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with advanced cancer stages, resistance to immunotherapy, and poor prognoses, such as in objective response and disease control rates, and progression-free and overall survival.
  • 708
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Scandium-44
Angiogenesis-related cell-surface molecules, including integrins, aminopeptidase N, vascular endothelial growth factor, and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), play a crucial role in tumour formation. Radiolabelled imaging probes targeting angiogenic biomarkers serve as valuable vectors in tumour identification. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in novel radionuclides other than gallium-68 (68Ga) or copper-64 (64Cu) to establish selective radiotracers for the imaging of tumour-associated neo-angiogenesis. Given its ideal decay characteristics (Eβ+average: 632 KeV) and a half-life (T1/2 = 3.97 h) that is well matched to the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecules targeting angiogenesis, scandium-44 (44Sc) has gained meaningful attention as a promising radiometal for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. 
  • 708
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of microRNA Dysregulation in Cancer
Similar to genes, microRNA are also subjected to dysregulation, therefore various mechanisms need to be considered when studying miRNA dysregulation. Amongst them are the amplification of loci which leads to the overexpression of amplified genes, mutation leading to deregulated or loss of function, epigenetic control contributing to gene activation or suppression and the effects of trans activating elements on gene expressional control.
  • 706
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Safety and Efficacy of Zanubrutinib in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma with a variable clinical presentation that can impact a patient’s quality of life by causing anemia, peripheral neuropathy, serum hyperviscosity, extramedullary disease, and other symptoms. There are several safe and effective treatment regimens for patients with WM, and the choice of therapy should be made in a personalized fashion considering the patient’s symptoms, comorbidities, and genomic profile. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are a new option to treat patients with WM. Zanubrutinib is a next-generation covalent BTK inhibitor designed to have fewer off-target effects than previous BTK inhibitors.
  • 705
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Polish Society of Gynecological Oncology Guidelines for Diagnosis
Due to the increasing amount of published data suggesting that endometrial carcinoma is a heterogenic entity with possible different treatment sequences and post-treatment follow-up, the Polish Society of Gynecological Oncology (PSGO) has developed new guidelines to summarize the evidence for diagnosis.
  • 705
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas
Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCLs) are a heterogenous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas of T-cell, NK-cell, or B-cell origin, which primarily affect the skin. PCLs are uncommon, accounting for only about 4% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The classification and treatment guidelines of PCLs is mainly from the World Health Organization (WHO), updated in 2018, which is mainly based on the cell types (T-cells or B-cells), histopathology, and certain proteins expressed on the tumor cell.
  • 705
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Follicular Lymphoma
In the follicular lymphoma (FL) microenvironment, CXCR5+ICOS+PD1+BCL6+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which closely correlate with FL B cells in neoplastic follicles, play a major role in supporting FL. Interleukin-4 secreted by Tfh cells triggers the upregulation of the lymphocyte chemoattractant CXCL12 in stromal cell precursors, in particular by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). 
  • 705
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Non-Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin for Therapy
Anthracyclines are among the most active chemotherapies in breast cancer (BC). However, they can cause structural and cumulative dose-related cardiac damage; hence, they require careful administration after preliminary functional cardiac assessment and subsequent monitoring, along with a limitation in the cumulative dose delivered. Non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (NPLD) has been precisely developed to optimize the doxorubicin toxicity profile, while retaining its therapeutic efficacy, thanks to a reduced diffusion in normal tissues with preserved drug penetrance into cancer sites. This has allowed administration of NPLD beyond a conventional doxorubicin maximum cumulative dose, as well as in patients with cardiac comorbilities or anthracycline pretreatment.
  • 705
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Therapies for Metastatic Melanoma
The work suggests and describes the need of multidisciplinarity to develop promising theranostic strategies in terms of efficacy and safety (i.e. oncogene-directed therapy combined to immunotherapy, genomics for personalized medicine, nanomedicine to overcome low free-drug bioavailability, and targeting, systematic search of "melanoma stem cells" which may harbor key mutations) for patients with advanced (metastatic) melanoma.
  • 704
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Glioblastoma and MiRNAs
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common type of malignant brain tumor. It affects 7 per 100,000 people a year. The disease has a poor prognosis and patients generally die within 14 months of diagnosis. Recent studies have reported the crucial role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in clinically-resistant glioblastoma.
  • 704
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
CAR-T Treatments in B-Cell Malignancies
B-cell malignancies, like leukemias and lymphomas, are neoplasms that emerge from the malignant proliferation of B cells. A cell-based immunotherapy, the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, has proven to improve the clinical outcome of relapsed/refractory HSCT B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders patients in clinical trials. 
  • 704
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Detection of Hypoxia in Cancer Models
The rapid proliferation of cancer cells combined with deficient vessels cause regions of nutrient and O2 deprivation in solid tumors. Some cancer cells can adapt to these extreme hypoxic conditions and persist to promote cancer progression. Intratumoral hypoxia has been consistently associated with a worse patient prognosis. In vitro, 3D models of spheroids or organoids can recapitulate spontaneous O2 gradients in solid tumors. Likewise, in vivo murine models of cancer reproduce the physiological levels of hypoxia that have been measured in human tumors. Given the potential clinical importance of hypoxia in cancer progression, there is an increasing need to design methods to measure O2 concentrations. O2 levels can be directly measured with needle-type probes, both optical and electrochemical. Alternatively, indirect, noninvasive approaches have been optimized, and include immunolabeling endogenous or exogenous markers. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, and luminescent reporters have also been employed experimentally to provide dynamic measurements of O2 in live cells or tumors. In medical imaging, modalities such as MRI and PET are often the method of choice. 
  • 704
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Angiogenic Agents in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Antiagiogenic therapies have shown substantial benefits for many types of cancer but only a marginal benefit for PC. Despite the important role of angiogenesis in PC, clinical trials in refractory castration-resistant PC (CRPC) have demonstrated increased toxicity with no clinical benefit. A better understanding of the mechanism of angiogenesis may help to understand the failure of trials, possibly leading to the development of new targeted anti-angiogenic therapies in PC. These could include the identification of specific subsets of patients who might benefit from these therapeutic strategies. 
  • 704
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nano-Enabled Strategies for the Treatment of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is acknowledged to be the major driver of cancer death attributable to treatment challenges and poor prognosis. Classical cancer treatment regimens, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, can be used to treat lung cancer, but the appended adverse effects limit them. Because of the numerous side effects associated with these treatment modalities, it is crucial to strive to develop novel and better strategies for managing lung cancer. Attributes such as enhanced bioavailability, better in vivo stability, intestinal absorption pattern, solubility, prolonged and targeted distribution, and the superior therapeutic effectiveness of numerous anticancer drugs have all been boosted with the emergence of nano-based therapeutic systems. Nano-based approaches are pioneering the route for primary and metastatic lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. 
  • 703
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Cell-Free DNA in BC
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women. Mortality is significantly raised due to drug resistance and metastasis, while personalized treatment options are obstructed by the limitations of conventional biopsy follow-up. Lately, research is focusing on circulating biomarkers as minimally invasive choices for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring. Circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) is a promising liquid biopsy biomaterial of great potential as it is thought to mirror the tumor’s lifespan.
  • 702
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Radiomics Advancements in Breast Cancer
Radiomics is an emerging translational field of medicine based on the extraction of high-dimensional data from radiological images, with the purpose to reach reliable models to be applied into clinical practice for the purposes of diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of disease response to treatment.
  • 702
  • 29 Jun 2021
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