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Topic Review
Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas
Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCLs) are a heterogenous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas of T-cell, NK-cell, or B-cell origin, which primarily affect the skin. PCLs are uncommon, accounting for only about 4% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The classification and treatment guidelines of PCLs is mainly from the World Health Organization (WHO), updated in 2018, which is mainly based on the cell types (T-cells or B-cells), histopathology, and certain proteins expressed on the tumor cell.
  • 699
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Premalignant Pancreatic Cystic Lesions Management
Pancreatic cystic lesions are an increasingly common clinical finding. They represent a heterogeneous group of lesions that include two of the three known precursors of pancreatic cancer, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN). Given that approximately 8% of pancreatic cancers arise from these lesions, careful surveillance and timely surgery offers an opportunity for early curative resection in a disease with a dismal prognosis. 
  • 698
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Forkhead box E1
Forkhead box E1 (FOXE1) is a transcription factor involved in thyroid cancer susceptibility. Here we show that FOXE1 expression in thyroid cells correlate with chemokines induction and monocyte chemoattraction, and that reduction of FOXE1 gene dosage in vivo impairs macrophage infiltration in thyroid cancer.
  • 698
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Safety and Efficacy of Zanubrutinib in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma with a variable clinical presentation that can impact a patient’s quality of life by causing anemia, peripheral neuropathy, serum hyperviscosity, extramedullary disease, and other symptoms. There are several safe and effective treatment regimens for patients with WM, and the choice of therapy should be made in a personalized fashion considering the patient’s symptoms, comorbidities, and genomic profile. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are a new option to treat patients with WM. Zanubrutinib is a next-generation covalent BTK inhibitor designed to have fewer off-target effects than previous BTK inhibitors.
  • 698
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Angiogenic Agents in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Antiagiogenic therapies have shown substantial benefits for many types of cancer but only a marginal benefit for PC. Despite the important role of angiogenesis in PC, clinical trials in refractory castration-resistant PC (CRPC) have demonstrated increased toxicity with no clinical benefit. A better understanding of the mechanism of angiogenesis may help to understand the failure of trials, possibly leading to the development of new targeted anti-angiogenic therapies in PC. These could include the identification of specific subsets of patients who might benefit from these therapeutic strategies. 
  • 698
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Siglec-8 in Breast Cancer
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are involved in various immune cell-mediated diseases. Their role in cancer is poorly investigated, and research focusses on Siglec-expression on immune cells interacting with tumor cells. This study evaluates and provide first evidence for a role of Siglec-8 in breast cancer (BC).
  • 697
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Cell-Free DNA in BC
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women. Mortality is significantly raised due to drug resistance and metastasis, while personalized treatment options are obstructed by the limitations of conventional biopsy follow-up. Lately, research is focusing on circulating biomarkers as minimally invasive choices for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring. Circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) is a promising liquid biopsy biomaterial of great potential as it is thought to mirror the tumor’s lifespan.
  • 697
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
KRAS Mutational Status
KRAS mutational heterogeneity between primary colorectal cancer and liver metastases may present a challenge in assessing prognostic information prior to the multimodal treatment. 
  • 696
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Radiomics Advancements in Breast Cancer
Radiomics is an emerging translational field of medicine based on the extraction of high-dimensional data from radiological images, with the purpose to reach reliable models to be applied into clinical practice for the purposes of diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of disease response to treatment.
  • 696
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cervical Cancer Management
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, ranking as fourth for both incidence and mortality among all gynecological malignancies. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent histotype, followed by adenocarcinoma (AC), which accounts for approximately 10–25% of cervical tumors.
  • 696
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
CAR-T Treatments in B-Cell Malignancies
B-cell malignancies, like leukemias and lymphomas, are neoplasms that emerge from the malignant proliferation of B cells. A cell-based immunotherapy, the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, has proven to improve the clinical outcome of relapsed/refractory HSCT B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders patients in clinical trials. 
  • 696
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Cell Migration in Bladder Carcinoma
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is among the top 10 most common cancers in the world, with an estimated 80,000 new cases and 17,000 deaths in the United States each year. Significant advances have been made in the management of bladder cancer since the 1990s. More accurate staging has been achieved with refined tissue imaging, and advances in surgical techniques have been combined with improved chemotherapy regimens. Even more, the 5-year survival rate for patients with non-muscle invasive UCB is over 90% and radical cystectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with surgically resectable disease without evidence of metastatic disease. However, patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer or disseminated disease have a much lower survival rate, suggesting that the occurrence of metastasis has a significant impact on the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. Considering the impact of metastatic disease on treatment options and patient prognosis, the importance of timely detection and prevention of metastasis in UCB cannot be overemphasized.
  • 695
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sarcopenia: A Possible Biomarker Relevant to ICI Response
Sarcopenia and changes in muscle mass during a certain treatment period have been evaluated as important prognosticators in cancer patients, while immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become one of the major breakthroughs in advanced cancers. Therefore, sarcopenia appears to be an effective biomarker for predicting long-term oncologic outcomes in patients receiving ICI therapy and hence plays an important role when making treatment decisions.
  • 695
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chemotherapy Resistant TNBC
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with high recurrence rates, high incidence of distant metastases, and poor overall survival (OS). Taxane and anthracycline-containing chemotherapy (CT) is currently the main systemic treatment option for TNBC, while platinum-based chemotherapy showed promising results in the neoadjuvant and metastatic settings. An early arising of intrinsic or acquired CT resistance is common and represents the main hurdle for successful TNBC treatment. Numerous mechanisms were uncovered that can lead to the development of chemoresistance. These include cancer stem cells (CSCs) induction after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, hypoxia and avoidance of apoptosis, single factors such as tyrosine kinase receptors (EGFR, IGFR1), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), and a few pathological molecular pathways. Some biomarkers capable of predicting resistance to specific chemotherapeutic agents were identified and are expected to be validated in future studies for a more accurate selection of drugs to be employed and for a more tailored approach, both in neoadjuvant and advanced settings.
  • 695
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
A Personalized Longitudinal Strategy in Low-Grade Glioma Patients
Diffuse low-grade glioma (LGG) is a rare cerebral cancer, mostly involving young adults with an active life at diagnosis. If left untreated, LGG widely invades the brain and becomes malignant, generating neurological worsening and ultimately death. Early and repeat treatments for this incurable tumor, including maximal connectome-based surgical resection(s) in awake patients, enable postponement of malignant transformation while preserving quality of life owing to constant neural network reconfiguration. Due to considerable interindividual variability in terms of LGG course and consecutive cerebral reorganization, a multistage longitudinal strategy should be tailored accordingly in each patient. It is crucial to predict how the glioma will progress (changes in growth rate and pattern of migration, genetic mutation, etc.) and how the brain will adapt (changes in patterns of spatiotemporal redistribution, possible functional consequences such as epilepsy or cognitive decline, etc.). The goal is to anticipate therapeutic management, remaining one step ahead in order to select the optimal (re-)treatment(s) (some of them possibly kept in reserve), at the appropriate time(s) in the evolution of this chronic disease, before malignization and clinical worsening.
  • 695
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly aggressive malignant bone tumor, frequently occurring in children and adolescents with an annual incidence of over three per million worldwide.
  • 694
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Scandium-44
Angiogenesis-related cell-surface molecules, including integrins, aminopeptidase N, vascular endothelial growth factor, and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), play a crucial role in tumour formation. Radiolabelled imaging probes targeting angiogenic biomarkers serve as valuable vectors in tumour identification. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in novel radionuclides other than gallium-68 (68Ga) or copper-64 (64Cu) to establish selective radiotracers for the imaging of tumour-associated neo-angiogenesis. Given its ideal decay characteristics (Eβ+average: 632 KeV) and a half-life (T1/2 = 3.97 h) that is well matched to the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecules targeting angiogenesis, scandium-44 (44Sc) has gained meaningful attention as a promising radiometal for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. 
  • 694
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Interplay between Neoneurogenesis and Neoangiogenesis in Carcinogenesis
Angiogenesis, the generation of new blood vessels, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The growing tumor requires nutrients and oxygen. The evidence has shown that tumors release signals to attract new nerve fibers and stimulate the growth of new nerve fibers. Neurogenesis, neural extension, and axonogenesis assist in the migration of cancer cells. Cancer cells can use both blood vessels and nerve fibers as routes for cells to move along. In this way, neurogenesis and angiogenesis both contribute to cancer metastasis. As a result, tumor-induced neurogenesis joins angiogenesis and immunosuppression as aberrant processes that are exacerbated within the tumor microenvironment. The relationship between these processes contributes to cancer development and progression. The interplay between these systems is brought about by cytokines, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators, which activate signaling pathways that are common to angiogenesis and the nervous tissue. These include the AKT signaling pathways, the MAPK pathway, and the Ras signaling pathway. These processes also both require the remodeling of tissues. The interplay of these processes in cancer provides the opportunity to develop novel therapies that can be used to target these processes.
  • 694
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Therapies for Metastatic Melanoma
The work suggests and describes the need of multidisciplinarity to develop promising theranostic strategies in terms of efficacy and safety (i.e. oncogene-directed therapy combined to immunotherapy, genomics for personalized medicine, nanomedicine to overcome low free-drug bioavailability, and targeting, systematic search of "melanoma stem cells" which may harbor key mutations) for patients with advanced (metastatic) melanoma.
  • 693
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Frailty in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of cancer death in the elderly. The older patients constitute a heterogeneous group in terms of functional status, comorbidities, and aging-related conditions. Therefore, therapeutic decisions need to be individualized. Frailty is a complex, multidimensional, and cyclical state of decreased physiological reserve resulting in a reduced capacity for adaptation and adaptability and greater vulnerability to stressors. The adverse health outcomes associated with frailty are summarized in disability and functional dependence, cognitive deterioration, increased hospitalization and institutionalization, intolerance to chemotherapy, instability of comorbidities, social exclusion, and decreased survival.
  • 693
  • 27 Jan 2021
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