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Topic Review
Vitamin D in Toxins and Aging-Related Compounds Neutralisation
Vitamin D is a micronutrient that is metabolised into a multifunctional secosteroid compound, calcitriol [1,25(OH)2D], essential for the health and survival of humans. Both 25 dihydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)2D: calcifediol] and its hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D: calcitriol] are essential for human physiological functions, including damping down inflammation and the excessive intracellular oxidative stresses. The interaction of 1,25(OH)2D with its intracellular (calcitriol)receptors modulates vitamin D–dependent gene transcription and activation of vitamin D-responsive elements, which triggers multiple second messenger systems. Vitamin D controls systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial respiratory function. Molecular and cellular actions of calcitriol slow down oxidative stress and inflammation, cell and tissue damage, and the aging process, especially when the circulating 25(OH)D concentration is maintained above 50 ng/mL. Whereas, Vitamin D deficiency impairs mitochondrial functions and enhances oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, increases infection-related complications, premature deaths, and accelerates the aging process.  
  • 903
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
NDUFS8 in Diseases
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S8 (NDUFS8) is an essential core subunit and component of the iron-sulfur (FeS) fragment of mitochondrial complex I directly involved in the electron transfer process and energy metabolism. Pathogenic variants of the NDUFS8 are relevant to infantile-onset and severe diseases, including Leigh syndrome, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. With over 1000 nuclear genes potentially causing a mitochondrial disorder, the diagnostic approach requires targeted molecular analysis, guided by a combination of clinical and biochemical features.
  • 902
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Interaction between Cocoa and Witches’ Broom Disease
Invaluable methods and resources have been explored to understand the molecular biology of M. perniciosa and fungi-host interactions, it is still important to determine how the biotrophic phase is maintained in M. perniciosa, and at the molecular level, to ascertain how their hosts contribute to the end of this phase of WBD. Comprehending the transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase is crucial for control of the disease, as well as for the development of resistant hosts.
  • 902
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Tunicamycin in Breast Cancer Research
Tunicamycin is a small biological molecule, that blocks a specific step of the protein N-glycosylation pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), i.e., the catalytic activity of N-acetylglusosaminyl 1-phosphate transferase (GPT).
  • 901
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Xmrk and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
Xmrk is a gene product closely related to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is associated with a wide variety of pathological conditions, including cancer. Comparative analyses of Xmrk and EGFR signal transduction in melanoma have shown that both utilize signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling to regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) to modulate apoptosis, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to control migration, and the Ras/Raf/MEK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway to regulate cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Further, Xmrk and EGFR may also modulate similar chemokine, extracellular matrix, oxidative stress, and microRNA signaling pathways in melanoma. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Xmrk and EGFR signaling utilize STAT5 to regulate cell proliferation, and Xmrk may signal through PI3K and FasR to modulate apoptosis. At the same time, both activate the Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK pathway to regulate cell proliferation and E-cadherin signaling.
  • 901
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cancer Development
Matrikines (MKs) can be a rich source of functional nutrition components and additional therapy, thereby contributing to human health care and reducing the risk of developing serious diseases, including cancer. Functionally active MKs as products of enzymatic transformation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are used for various biomedical purposes. Due to the absence of toxic side effects, low species specificity, relatively small size, and presence of various targets at the cell membranes, MKs often exhibit antitumor properties and, therefore, are promising agents for antitumor combination therapy. 
  • 901
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Links between Epigenetics, COVID-19 Infection, and Vitamin D
The highly transmittable and infectious COVID-19 remains a major threat worldwide, with the elderly and comorbid individuals being the most vulnerable. While vaccines are currently available, therapeutic drugs will help ease the viral outbreak and prevent serious health outcomes. Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression through changes in chromatin structure and have been linked to viral pathophysiology. Since epigenetic modifications contribute to the life cycle of the virus and host immune responses to infection, epigenetic drugs are promising treatment targets to ameliorate COVID-19. Deficiency of the multifunctional secosteroid hormone vitamin D is a global health threat. Vitamin D and its receptor function to regulate genes involved in immunity, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. Amassed evidence also indicates the biological relations of vitamin D with reduced disease risk, while its receptor can be modulated by epigenetic mechanisms. The immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D suggest a role for vitamin D as a COVID-19 therapeutic agent.
  • 901
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Complement System, Aging, and Aging-Related Diseases
The complement system is a part of the immune system and consists of multiple complement components with biological functions such as defense against pathogens and immunomodulation. The complement system has three activation pathways: the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway. Increasing evidence indicates that the complement system plays a role in aging. Complement plays a role in inflammatory processes, metabolism, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and Wnt signaling pathways. In addition, the complement system plays a significant role in aging-related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, age-related macular degeneration, and osteoarthritis. However, the effect of complement on aging and aging-related diseases is still unclear. Thus, a better understanding of the potential relationship between complement, aging, and aging-related diseases will provide molecular targets for treating aging, while focusing on the balance of complement in during treatment. Inhibition of a single component does not result in a good outcome. 
  • 900
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Complex I
In mammals during aging, reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by the mitochondrial respiratory chain, cause oxidative damage of macromolecules leading to respiratory chain dysfunction, which in turn increases ROS mitochondrial production. Many efforts have been made to understand the role of oxidative stress in aging and age-related diseases. The complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is the major source of ROS production and its dysfunctions have been associated with several forms of neurodegeneration, other common human diseases and aging. Complex I-ROS production and complex I content have been proposed as one of the major determinants for longevity. The cAMP signal has a role in the regulation of complex I activity and the decrease of ROS production. 
  • 899
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microtubule Regulation in Plant Cell Division
Microtubules (MTs) are essential elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are critical for various cell functions. During cell division, plant MTs form highly ordered structures, and cortical MTs guide the cell wall cellulose patterns and thus control cell size and shape. Both are important for morphological development and for adjusting plant growth and plasticity under environmental challenges for stress adaptation. Various MT regulators control the dynamics and organization of MTs in diverse cellular processes and response to developmental and environmental cues. 
  • 899
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CELF Family Proteins in Cancer
CELF (CUGBP Elav-like family) proteins are RBPs (RNA-binding proteins) with pleiotropic capabilities in RNA processing. Their responsibilities extend from alternative splicing and transcript editing in the nucleus to mRNA stability, and translation into the cytoplasm. In this way, CELF family members have been connected to global alterations in cancer proliferation and invasion, leading to their identification as potential tumor suppressors or even oncogenes. Notably, genetic variants, alternative splicing, phosphorylation, acetylation, subcellular distribution, competition with other RBPs, and ultimately lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs all impact CELF regulation. 
  • 898
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Acyl-Homoserine Lactone-Dependent Quorum Sensing
Several clinically and industrially relevant microorganisms employ acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent quorum sensing (QS) to communicate and control phenotypic variations. The AHL-QS biomolecule is now being used to develop biosensor assays, anti-virulent compounds, and even anti-cancer therapeutics. QS applications have thrived in agriculture, aquaculture, energy, bioremediation, and health research.
  • 898
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Function of Defensive Molecules Momilactones A and B
Labdane-related diterpenoids, momilactones A and B were isolated and identified in rice husks in 1973 and later found in rice leaves, straws, roots, root exudate, other several Poaceae species and the moss species Calohypnum plumiforme. Momilactones in rice plants suppressed the growth of fungal pathogens, indicating the defense function against pathogen attacks. Rice plants also inhibited the growth of adjacent competitive plants through the root secretion of momilactones into their rhizosphere due to the potent growth-inhibitory activity of momilactones, indicating a function in allelopathy.
  • 898
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Inhibition of Replication Fork Formation and Progression
Over 1.2 million deaths are attributed to multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria each year. Persistence of MDR bacteria is primarily due to the molecular mechanisms that permit fast replication and rapid evolution. As many pathogens continue to build resistance genes, current antibiotic treatments are being rendered useless and the pool of reliable treatments for many MDR-associated diseases is thus shrinking at an alarming rate. In the development of novel antibiotics, DNA replication initiation and the primosome are still largely underexplored targets.
  • 898
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
γ-Secretase
γ-Secretase is an aspartyl protease.
  • 897
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Pathogenesis in Polyglutamine Diseases
Polyglutamine diseases are characterized by selective dysfunction and degeneration of specific types of neurons in the central nervous system. In addition, nonneuronal cells can also be affected as a consequence of primary degeneration or due to neuronal dysfunction. Skeletal muscle is a primary site of toxicity of polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor, but it is also affected in other polyglutamine diseases, more likely due to neuronal dysfunction and death. Nonetheless, pathological processes occurring in skeletal muscle atrophy impact the entire body metabolism, thus actively contributing to the inexorable progression towards the late and final stages of disease. 
  • 897
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Angiogenesis, Coagulopathy and Endothelial Dysfunction in ANFH
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is a painful disorder characterized by the cessation of blood supply to the femoral head, leading to its death and subsequent joint collapse. Influenced by several risk factors, including corticosteroid use, excessive alcohol intake, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and some inflammatory disorders, along with cancer, its clinical consequences are thrombus formation due to underlying inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, which collaborates with coagulopathy and impaired angiogenesis. Nonetheless, angiogenesis resolves the obstructed free flow of the blood by providing alternative routes. Clinical manifestations of early stage of ANFH mimic cysts or lesions in subchondral bone, vasculitis and transient osteoporosis of the hip, rendering it difficult to diagnose, complex to understand and complicated to cure. 
  • 896
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Asparagine Endopeptidase in Tumors Progression
Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), also called legumain, is currently the only known cysteine protease that specifically cleaves peptide bonds in asparaginyl residue in the mammalian genome. Since 2003, AEP has been reported to be widely expressed in a variety of carcinomas and is considered a potential therapeutic target. In the following years, researchers intensively investigated the substrates of AEP and the mechanism of AEP in partial tumors. With the identification of substrate proteins such as P53, integrin αvβ3, MMP-2, MMP-9, the biochemical mechanism of AEP in carcinomas is also more precise. This review will clarify the probable mechanisms of AEP in the progression of breast carcinoma, glioblastoma, gastric carcinoma, and epithelial ovarian carcinoma.  This review will also discuss the feasibility of targeted therapy with AEP inhibitor (AEPI) in these carcinomas.
  • 895
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Stilbenes on Various Types of Inflammation
Stilbenes are polyphenolic allelochemicals synthesized by plants, especially grapes, peanuts, rhubarb, berries, etc., to defend themselves under stressful conditions. They are exploited in medicine for their antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is the immune system’s response to invading bacteria, toxic chemicals or even nutrient-deprived conditions. It is characterized by the release of cytokines which can wreak havoc on healthy tissues, worsening the disease condition.
  • 895
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
ceRNA Regulate Alternative Splicing in Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer (CC) is the primary cause of female cancer fatalities in low-middle-income countries (LMICs). Through their interaction with mRNA, non-coding RNAs form a network of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), which regulate gene expression and promote cervical cancer development and advancement. The dysregulated expression of non-coding RNAs is an understudied and tangled process that promotes cervical cancer development. The ceRNA network hypothesizes that RNA transcripts with miRNA response elements (MREs) can sequester from other targets, thus regulating their expression and cellular processes. CircRNA and lncRNA competitively bind to miRNAs and regulate downstream gene expression, forming the ceRNA regulatory axis.
  • 895
  • 08 Feb 2023
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