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Topic Review
IPF
In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), several factors may have a negative impact on the nutritional status, including an increased respiratory muscles load, release of inflammation mediators, the coexistence of hypoxemia, and physical inactivity. Nutritional abnormalities also have an impact on IPF clinical outcomes. Given the relevance of nutritional status in IPF patients, we sought to focus on some critical issues, highlighting what is known and what should be further learned about these issues. We revised scientific literature published between 1995 and August 2019 by searching on Medline/PubMed and EMBASE databases including observational and interventional studies. We conducted a narrative review on nutritional assessment in IPF, underlining the importance of nutritional evaluation not only in the diagnostic process, but also during follow-up. We also highlighted the need to keep a high level of attention on cardiovascular comorbidities. We also focused on current clinical treatment in IPF with Nintedanib and Pirfenidone and management of gastrointestinal adverse events, such as diarrhea, induced by these antifibrotic drugs. Finally, we concentrated on the importance of pulmonary rehabilitation program, including nutritional assessment, education and behavioral change, and psychological support among its essential components. More attention should be devoted to the assessment of the undernutrition and overnutrition, as well as of muscle strength and physical performance in IPF patients, taking also into account that an adequate clinical management of gastrointestinal complications makes IPF drug treatments more feasible. 
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant
This entry highlghts the role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on plant nutrition and growth. AMFimproves plant nutrition and helps them to cope with environment stresses. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Tourette Syndrome
Tourette syndrome is a complex disorder characterized by repetitive, sudden, and involuntary movements or noises called tics. Tics usually appear in childhood, and their severity varies over time. In most cases, tics become milder and less frequent in late adolescence and adulthood.  
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Sensing Area
Recently, nanomaterials have received increasing attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties, which make them of considerable interest for applications in many fields, such as biotechnology, optics, electronics, and catalysis. The development of nanomaterials has proven fundamental for the development of smart electrochemical sensors to be used in different application fields such, as biomedical, environmental, and food analysis. In fact, they showed high performances in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic pain in humans arises as a consequence of injury or disease of somatosensory nervous system at peripheral or central level. Peripheral neuropathic pain is more common than central neuropathic pain, and is supposed to result from peripheral mechanisms, following nerve injury. The animal models of neuropathic pain show extensive functional and structural changes occurring in neuronal and non-neuronal cells in response to peripheral nerve injury. These pathological changes following damage lead to peripheral sensitization development, and subsequently to central sensitization initiation with spinal and supraspinal mechanism involved. The aim of this narrative review paper is to discuss the mechanisms engaged in peripheral neuropathic pain generation and maintenance, with special focus on the role of glial, immune, and epithelial cells in peripheral nociception. Based on the preclinical and clinical studies, interactions between neuronal and non-neuronal cells have been described, pointing out at the molecular/cellular underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain, which might be potentially targeted by topical treatments in clinical practice. The modulation of the complex neuro-immuno-cutaneous interactions in the periphery represents a strategy for the development of new topical analgesics and their utilization in clinical settings.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Lyme Neuroborreliosis in Children
Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is an infectious disease, developing after a tick bite and the dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes reach the nervous system. The infection occurs in children and adults but with different clinical courses. Adults complain of radicular pain and paresis, while among the pediatric population, the most common manifestations of LNB are facial nerve palsy and/or subacute meningitis.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Monitoring of Pesticide Residues
Pesticide residues are a threat to the health of the global population, not only to farmers, applicators, and other pesticide professionals. Humans are exposed through various routes such as food, skin, and inhalation. Indirect approaches, also called “external exposure approaches”, estimate the exposure of a population through the measurements of pesticide residue levels in food and the environment. Environmental sampling involves water resources, soils, sediments, and air particles. Recent studies have also included indoor and road dust. In addition, indirect assessment models also include food, as fruits, vegetables, and cereals treated with pesticides have also been proven to be significant sources of pesticides. Furthermore, the pesticide residues in abiotic environmental samples also bioaccumulate in biota. Dietary intake of animal products, including meat and subproducts from farm animals, fish, and seafood, is considered an important route of exposure for population.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Angiogenic Switch
Regular physical activity in cyclic sports can influence the so-called “angiogenic switch”, which is considered as an imbalance between proangiogenic and anti-angiogenic molecules. Disruption of the synthesis of angiogenic molecules can be caused by local changes in tissues under the influence of excessive physical exertion and its consequences, such as chronic oxidative stress and associated hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, sports injuries, etc. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Ellagic Acid
Polyphenol ellagic acid (EA) possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and cardio protection activities, making it an interesting multi-targeting profile. EA also controls the central nervous system (CNS), since it was proven to reduce the immobility time of mice in both the forced swimming and the tail-suspension tests, with an efficiency comparable to that of classic antidepressants. The proposed mechanism revealed that EA mimics clonidine at the presynaptic release-regulating α2 autoreceptors in hippocampal noradrenergic nerve endings.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Challenges of Widowhood Extend to Childcare
Unless widows recount their painful experiences of caring for their children, their day-to day lived challenges of childcare may be misunderstood if not totally missed by social workers in practice. The widespread and global phenomenon of widowhood warrants international recognition and aggressive scholarship to create resounding comprehension for proper and deliberate practical interventions. The phenomenon of widowhood cannot be localised to certain geographical settings or racial, ethnic or religious groups as widowhood cuts across all social groupings and stratifications and, as such, has been described as one of the epidemics in the world.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
β-Cyclocitral Marked as Bioactive Compound in Plants
β-cyclocitral (βCC), a main apocarotenoid of β-carotene, increases plants’ resistance against stresses. It has recently appeared as a novel bioactive composite in a variety of organisms from plants to animals. In plants, βCC marked as stress signals that accrue under adverse ecological conditions. βCC regulates nuclear gene expression through several signaling pathways, leading to stress tolerance. 
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Loot System
In video games, a loot system is a method of distributing in-game items amongst a group of players, after having "looted" them.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Artemisia Glomerata
Artemisia /ˌɑːrtɪˈmiːziə/ is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. Common names for various species in the genus include mugwort, wormwood, and sagebrush. Artemisia comprises hardy herbaceous plants and shrubs, which are known for the powerful chemical constituents in their essential oils. Artemisia species grow in temperate climates of both hemispheres, usually in dry or semiarid habitats. Notable species include A. vulgaris (common mugwort), A. tridentata (big sagebrush), A. annua (sagewort), A. absinthium (wormwood), A. dracunculus (tarragon), and A. abrotanum (southernwood). The leaves of many species are covered with white hairs. Most species have strong aromas and bitter tastes from terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones, which discourage herbivory, and may have had a selective advantage. The small flowers are wind-pollinated. Artemisia species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species. Some botanists split the genus into several genera, but DNA analysis does not support the maintenance of the genera Crossostephium, Filifolium, Neopallasia, Seriphidium, and Sphaeromeria; three other segregate genera -- Stilnolepis, Elachanthemum, and Kaschgaria -- are maintained by this evidence. Occasionally, some of the species are called sages, causing confusion with the Salvia sages in the family Lamiaceae.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Environmental Concepts in Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a technological advancement that produces three-dimensional objects by layering polymers, ceramics, metals, composite materials, concrete, and human tissue materials in precise geometric shapes. When this new manufacturing technology is employed, it aims to create a healthy environment free of pollutants. Using additive manufacturing over traditional subtractive technologies may result in considerable material and energy resource savings, especially if the component is appropriately designed for manufacture.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of Pyrazolo pyrano oxazoles
A simple and efficient synthetic route to the novel 3a,4-dihydro-3H,7H- and 4H,7H-pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrano[4,3-c][1,2]oxazole ring systems from 3-(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)- or 3-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde oximes has been developed by employing the intramolecular nitrile oxide cycloaddition (INOC) reaction as the key step.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Data-Driven Fault Diagnosis Methods for Nuclear Power Plants
Fault diagnosis plays an important role in complex and safety-critical systems such as nuclear power plants (NPPs). With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), extensive research has been carried out for fast and efficient fault diagnosis based on data-driven algorithms.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nucleation of Diamond
Nucleation is a key process for the growth of diamond films. Spontaneously nucleation on heterogeneous substrates is difficult. This is mainly because the high surface energy of diamond. Rapid nucleation (a few minutes commonly) is a necessary condition for the deposition of high-quality diamond films. The characteristics of the substrate, such as surface defects, surface energy, surface diffusion and bulk diffusion of atoms, and chemical reactivity, affect the diamond nucleation process. Especially, a gallium nitride (GaN) substrate, which has a large lattice mismatch and thermal expansion mismatch with diamond, puts forward some difficult requirements for diamond nucleation. The temperature of the substrate also affects the diamond nucleation process. Considering the quality and rate of diamond nucleation and the thermal stability of GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), researchers regard ~600 °C as a more suitable nucleation temperature. 
  • 1.5K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Formal Methods in Healthcare: Improving Safety and Reliability
This research explores the use of formal methods in healthcare, a set of mathematical techniques that provide a rigorous and systematic approach to the design, development, and verification of healthcare systems. The research discusses various types of formal methods and their applications in healthcare, as well as examples of dangerous healthcare accidents that could have been prevented using formal methods. The research also covers the achievements and challenges of using formal methods in healthcare, as well as future directions for research and development in this area. The research concludes that the use of formal methods in healthcare has the potential to improve the safety and reliability of healthcare systems, potentially saving lives and improving the quality of healthcare delivery.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Pichia pastoris Strains as Powerful Cell Factories
Pichia pastoris is the most widely used microorganism for the production of secreted industrial proteins and therapeutic proteins. This yeast has been repurposed as a cell factory for the production of chemicals and natural products. 
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microplastic Removal from Wastewater by Natural Coagulation
Urban industrialization has caused a ubiquity of microplastics in the environment. A large percentage of plastic waste originated from Southeast Asian countries. Microplastics arising from the primary sources of personal care items and industrial uses and the fragmentation of larger plastics have recently garnered attention due to their ubiquity. Due to the rising level of plastic waste in the environment, the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of plastics threaten aquatic and human life. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are one of the major sources of these plastic fragments. Coagulation is a significant process in removing microplastics, and natural coagulants are far superior to their chemical equivalents due to their non-toxicity and cost-effectiveness. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Feb 2024
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