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Topic Review
Machine-Learning Based Methods for PV
This entry presents the state of the art ML models applied in solar energy’s forecasting field i.e., for solar irradiance and power production forecasting (both point and interval or probabilistic forecasting), electricity price forecasting and energy demand forecasting. Other applications of ML into the photovoltaic (PV) field taken into account are the modelling of PV modules, PV design parameter extraction, tracking the maximum power point (MPP), PV systems efficiency optimization, PV/Thermal (PV/T) and Concentrating PV (CPV) system design parameters’ optimization and efficiency improvement, anomaly detection and energy management of PV’s storage systems. While many review papers already exist in this regard, they are usually focused only on one specific topic, while in this paper are gathered all the most relevant applications of ML for solar systems in many different fields. It gives an overview of the most recent and promising applications of machine learning used in the field of photovoltaic systems.
  • 722
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Eye Chart
An eye chart, or optotype, is a chart used to measure visual acuity. Eye charts are often used by health care professionals, such as optometrists, physicians or nurses, to screen persons for vision impairment. Ophthalmologists, physicians who specialize in the eye, also use eye charts to monitor the visual acuity of their patients in response to various therapies such as medications or surgery. The chart is placed at a standardized distance away from the person whose vision is being tested. The person then attempts to identify the symbols on the chart, starting with the larger symbols and continuing with progressively smaller symbols until the person cannot identify the symbols. The smallest symbols that can be reliably identified is considered the person's visual acuity. The Snellen chart is the most widely used. Alternative types of eye charts include the logMAR chart, Landolt C, E chart, Lea test, Golovin–Sivtsev table, the Rosenbaum chart, and the Jaeger chart. As previously mentioned, eye charts measure visual acuity. Eye charts do not provide doctors with information on eye diseases such as glaucoma, problems with the retina, or loss of peripheral vision.
  • 721
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Acoustic Technology in Food Processing
Acoustic technology is characterized as environmentally friendly and is considered an alternative method due to its sustainability and economic efficiency. This technology provides advantages such as the intensification of processes, increasing the efficiency of processes and eliminating inefficient ones, improving product quality, maintaining the product’s texture, organoleptic properties, and nutritional value, and ensuring the microbiological safety of the product.
  • 709
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Data-Driven Decision-Making
Decision-making for manufacturing and maintenance operations is benefiting from the advanced sensor infrastructure of Industry 4.0, enabling the use of algorithms that analyze data, predict emerging situations, and recommend mitigating actions. 
  • 704
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Different Portland Cement Types in South Africa
Cement has long been recognized as an energy- and emission-intensive construction material. Cement production has recently experienced significant growth despite its high energy consumption, resource usage, and carbon emissions.
  • 703
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Data-Driven Modeling in Drilling in Well Operations
Swab and surge pressure fluctuations are decisive during drilling for oil. The axial movement of the pipe in the wellbore causes pressure fluctuations in wellbore fluid; these pressure fluctuations can be either positive or negative, corresponding to the direction of the movement of the pipe. For example, if the drill string is lowering down in the borehole, the drop is positive (surge pressure), and if the drill string is pulling out of the hole, the drop is negative (swab pressure). The intensity of these pressure fluctuations depends on the speed of the lowering down (tripping in) or withdrawing the pipe out (tripping out). High tripping speed corresponds to higher pressure fluctuations and can lead to fracturing the well formation. Low tripping speed leads to a slow operation, causing non-productive time, thus increasing the overall well budget. 
  • 701
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Innovation Management Systems
Standardized innovation management systems (SIMS) are homogeneous management systems which accelerate the conversion of an organization’s innovation strategy into effective actions. Thus, SIMSs ensure that innovation means not mere shiny novel inventions, but rather an organization’s ability to recognize and pursue new areas of opportunity while reacting to fluctuating conditions in its environment. In 2006, the Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification (AENOR) issued the Spanish UNE 166002: 2006, the first innovation management standard, as sets of principles intended to aid organizations in navigating the multifaceted process of innovation, schematizing their activities and improving management efficiency.
  • 696
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Exploring Lean HRM Practices in the Aerospace Industry
Lean management is an approach that allows companies to reduce costs and improve quality to achieve significant growth. As such, myriad organizations across many different sectors are deploying resources and effort to implement Lean management principles. However, the adoption of Lean within a company is not straightforward because it is not just a set of tools to be used, but rather a process that requires the active participation and commitment of all the members of the organization, with special emphasis on the employees, as they are the ones doing the actual implementation work. Lean places people at its core, acknowledging their contribution to the company’s growth and the fundamental role human resources management (HRM) practices play in the success and sustainability of Lean transformations. However, the relationship between HRM practices and Lean remains largely unexplored in the literature. 
  • 691
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Last-Mile Drone Delivery
Sustainable green products and services garner more attention from companies and enterprises that aim to succeed and grow in highly competitive markets by imposing less harms on the environment and ecosystems. Last-mile delivery from local distribution centers to customers plays an essential role in the retail business. Retail companies are leaning towards implementing green, efficient transportation methods, such as drones, in their last-mile delivery operations to conserve ecosystems.
  • 680
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Structural Batteries
Structural power composites are a new class of materials/structural configurations capable of storing electric energy and, at the same time, carrying mechanical loads. They stand out as a possible solution to the demands of the modern transportation system of more efficient and eco-friendly vehicles.
  • 675
  • 16 May 2021
Topic Review
Digital Twins for Production Logistics
Digital Twins (DTs) are one of the main opportunities to strengthen the overall competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises. Various technologies and technological concepts are discussed in production logistics, which can be classified as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), interfaces, decentralized applications, real-time localization systems, automatic identification, virtual environments including Digital Twins (DTs), and applications of data science such as machine learning, data mining, and big data analytics.
  • 671
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ergonomics Evaluation Using Motion Capture Technology
Due to the increasingly high proportion of manual activities in production processes, there is a constant risk of musculoskeletal disorders or work-related injuries. The risk of these problems is exacerbated by the trend towards an ageing working population. European legislation is pressing for improved working conditions to eliminate the risks associated with health problems for workers. For this reason, the application of ergonomics in this field is growing. Musculoskeletal disorders, which are most often caused by inappropriate working postures, are a major problem. There are many methods for evaluating working postures. 
  • 669
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Microprobe System for Coordinate Metrology
A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a measuring instrument that can measure three-dimensional (3D) shapes of an object, including a probing system to detect an object’s surface, a positioning stage system to move either the probing system or the object, length scales to determine the coordinate of detected points by the probing system, as well as software to control the entire measurement.  Micro-coordinate measuring machines (micro-CMMs) for measuring microcomponents require a probe system with a probe tip diameter of several tens to several hundreds of micrometers. Scale effects work for such a small probe tip, i.e., the probe tip tends to stick on the measurement surface via surface adhesion forces. These surface adhesion forces significantly deteriorate probing resolution or repeatability. 
  • 666
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Magnetic Hyperthermia
Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) is more commonly used in various biomedical applications. Magnetic hyperthermia (MH), a clinical alternative to tumor treatments, also became a powerful tool for cancer treatment by exposing tumor tissue to elevated temperatures to achieve a therapeutic effect. It has been successfully applied to the treatment of different types of cancer including the brain, spine, lung, prostate, breast, and pancreas. It is also a promising alternative to traditional cancer therapies, particularly in the case of aggressive brain cancer like glioblastoma. MHT’s huge advantages are connected with biosafety, deep tissue penetration, and a focused place of action. The development of nanomedicine involves complex nanomaterial research involving magnetic nanomaterials and their use in magnetic hyperthermia. The selection of the optimal treatment strategies is time-consuming, expensive, unpredictable, and not consistently effective. Delivering personalized therapy that obtains maximal efficiency and minimal side effects is highly important. Thus, Artificial Intelligence (AI) based algorithms provide the opportunity to overcome these crucial issues.
  • 666
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Waste Natural Polymers
 Waste natural polymers have received much attention as renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and low-cost filler in polymer composites. In order to exploit the high potential for residual natural loading in latex composites, different types of surface modification techniques have been applied. This review discusses the preparation and characterization of the modified waste natural fillers for latex-based composites. The potency of the waste natural filler for the latex-based composites was explored with a focus on the mechanical, thermal, biodegradability and filler–latex interaction.
  • 651
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Conceptual Modelling in Operational Simulation of Logistics
Logistics problems involve a large number of complexities, which makes the development of models challenging. While computer simulation models are developed for addressing complexities, it is essential to ensure that the necessary operational behaviours are captured, and that the architecture of the model is suitable to represent them. The early stage of simulation modelling, known as conceptual modelling (CM), is thus dependent on successfully extracting tacit operational knowledge and avoiding misunderstanding between the client (customer of the model) and simulation analyst.
  • 650
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Re-Thinking Data Strategy and Integration for Artificial Intelligence
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming more prevalent across industries such as healthcare, finance, and transportation. Artificial intelligence is based on the analysis of large datasets and requires a continuous supply of high-quality data. 
  • 650
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Opening Paths for Sustainable Businesses
This entry aims to identify and analyse the Scientific Technical Scenary on Corporate Sustainability (STS-CS) and propose a three-way Helix-based structure for its development and guidance on future scientific and technological investments. The study was developed using a combined method of bibliometric analysis and analysis of the content of scientific articles and technical publications (patents, white papers, publications of public bodies, etc.). The scientific articles were researched in the Scopus database and technical publications on the Orbit Intelligence, ProQuest and UN Global Compact platforms. The STS-CS was analysed in the light of scientific and technical literature and the experience of the authors of the study.
  • 639
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Sectors of the Glass Industry
The glass industry is highly diverse, both in terms of products and production processes, making articles ranging from artistic handmade glass goblets to large flat glass plates for the construction and automotive sectors. 
  • 634
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Digital Versus Film Photography
The merits of digital versus film photography were considered by photographers and filmmakers in the early 21st century after consumer digital cameras became widely available. Digital photography and digital cinematography have both advantages and disadvantages relative to still film and motion picture film photography. In the 21st century, photography came to be predominantly digital, but traditional photochemical methods continue to serve many users and applications.
  • 633
  • 10 Nov 2022
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