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Topic Review
Legal Working Age
The legal working age is the minimum age required by law for a person to work, in each country or jurisdiction. Some types of labor are commonly prohibited even for those above the working age, if they have not reached yet the age of majority. Activities that are dangerous, harmful to the health or that may affect the morals of minors fall into this category.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of Remediation of Contaminated Soil by Nanoparticles
The varied sources of soil pollution include the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, industrial discharge, and transformed products of these accumulated chemical residues. These processes may hamper the composition and soil ecosystem. Different types of methodologies ranging from physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been exploited to tackle this challenge. Nanomaterials (NMs) research has contributed to a new dimension for the remediation of polluted soils.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacodynamics of the Main Bioactive Peptides
Bioactive peptides (BPs) are a heterogeneous class of molecules found in a wide range of plant and animal sources. The first bioactive peptide was identified circa 1900 by Mellander, who isolated BPs from casein and demonstrated its ability to improve bone calcification in rachitic children. BPs can be defined as peptides between 2 and 20 amino acids able to modulate physiological functions. In general, BP consist of an inactive precursor molecule that becomes active after release of the active site by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract, thus allowing BP to be absorbed through specific peptide transporters. Thus, BP can be classified into exogenous and endogenous molecules, obtained via gastrointestinal digestion or artificially, respectively.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Internet of Things
IoT-dependent systems (IoTSs) cause heavy usage of energy. This is one of the biggest issues associated with IoTSs. Another issue is that the security of digital content is a big challenge and difficulty. Image processing has recently played an essential role in resolving these difficulties.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Deep Brain Stimulation
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an invasive but established neurosurgical procedure that involves the implantation of one or more electrodes into a targeted brain area, an implantable pulse generator (IPG), and an extension connecting the electrode to the IPG. The IPG contains the battery and circuitry, which generate the electrical signal that is delivered to the targeted brain structure. The DBS system allows for the delivery of electrical pulses to specific areas of the brain with minimal effects on nearby regions.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Seed Deterioration and Ageing
Seeds are classified as either: orthodox, seeds that tolerate dehydration; recalcitrant, seeds that are high in moisture content and cannot withstand intensive desiccation; or intermediate, seeds that survive dehydration but die during dry storage at low temperatures. Seed lifespan depends on the seed category and also varies from one species to another. The rate of loss of vigor and viability of orthodox seeds depends mainly on temperature and seed moisture content (MC); the lower the MC and storage temperature, the longer the longevity. Ultimately, storage in liquid nitrogen or seed ultra-drying by well-adapted processes should allow for long-term storage. 
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Peat Processing Technologies and Peat Applications
Peatlands can become valuable resources and greenhouse gas sinks through the use of different management practices. Peatlands provide carbon sequestration; however, they are also among the greatest greenhouse gas emissions sources. Peat is undervalued as a resource in the bioeconomy and innovation—a way that could save costs in peatland management. 
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Type I IFNs in Long-Haul COVID Syndrome
Interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines originally identified for their antiviral activity. IFN-α and IFN-β are both type I IFNs that have been used to treat neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Microglia, astrocytes, as well as neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including spinal cord neurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons, express type I IFN receptors (IFNARs). Type I IFNs play an active role in regulating cognition, aging, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, by suppressing neuronal activity and synaptic transmission, IFN-α and IFN-β produced potent analgesia.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Kynurenic Acid in the Brain
Kynurenic acid, a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, acts as antagonist for both the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and glycine co-agonist sites of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor at endogenous brain concentrations. Elevation of brain kynurenic acid levels reduces the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate, and kynurenic acid is considered to be involved in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Diet and DNA Methylation
Over the past decades, DNA methylation has been proposed as a molecular mechanism underlying the positive or negative effects of diet on human health. Despite the number of studies on this topic is rapidly increasing, the relationship between dietary factors, changes in DNA methylation and health outcomes remains unclear. In this entry, we summarize the literature from observational studies which examined the association of dietary factors (nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns) with DNA methylation markers among diseased or healthy people during the lifetime.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Bioactive Peptides in Dairy Products
All the research pertaining to the detection and identification of minute peptides (<4 amino acids) present in multifarious mixtures are in their early stages because of a lack of stringent peptide identification methodologies. Precise amendments like discerned censoring of ions against previously identified sequences of peptides can help overcome the aforementioned issues faced at times of optimization procedures during or after MS analysis. A state-of-the-art genesis in structure-informedpeptide identification and quantification methodologies can be guaranteed by added enrichment in the sensitivity and resolving capacity of MS, in conjunction with novel cutting edge ionization techniques. Modernization of the software for foodomics and peptidomics research and peptide identification is needed. Also, explicit and coherent structure identification in common and especially in synchronization with LC-MS requires significant attention. A continuous focus will be given to understanding of the biochemical functions of milk ingredients and their dietary implications by using a variety of powerful tools like -omics, cell models, gut microbiome research and imaging. The introduction of innovative facilities including is an absolute requirement for the development of approaches, such as proteomics, recombinant enzymes and microbial fermentation to study and improve the metabolic and health consequences of the various roles of bioactive peptides throughout the expression of genes. Consequently, the formulation of products incorporating bioactive peptides should examine the allergenicity, toxicity and stability of the a ected metabolic functions during gastrointestinal digestion. Despite considerable progress in the isolation, purification and assessment of bioactivities of BP from various natural sources, several hurdles still remain to be overcome, particularly technological advancements to produce them on a broad scale without losing activity. In conclusion, milk-derived bioactive peptides o er substantial future prospects for product development to support health, with their multifunctional assets.  
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant Defenses in the Eye
This review describes the main antioxidant systems of the human eye, with particular emphasis in those expressed in the natural barriers of antioxidant protection, i.e., the ocular surface, the lens, the retina and its retinal pigment epithelium. In addition to superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, peroxiredoxins and selenoproteins, inter alia, metallothioneins (MTs) are considered antioxidant proteins of growing interest with further cell-mediated functions. The state of the art of MTs, including the isoforms classification, the main functions described to date and the zinc-MT redox cycle as antioxidant defense system are comprehensively described.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Biohydrogen
Biohydrogen means the new strategies to reach green and sustainable hydrogen production and exploitation technologies.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
SWI/SNF Inactivation in Disease
Mammalian SWI/SNF (SWitch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable) complexes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers. Many SWI/SNF members, such as ARID1A and SMARCA4, have emerged among the most frequently mutated genes in certain diseases, especially cancer. Overall, the SWI/SNF complex is the most mutated chromatin remodeling complex across multiple cancers, highlighting its central role in tumorigenesis.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Fe and P Deficiency Responses
Fe and P deficiency responses, which enable plants to improve their ability to acquire these nutrients, show many similarities.  Iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) are two essential elements for plant growth whose nutrition is closely related. Both elements are abundant in soils but with poor availability for plants, which favor their acquisition by developing root morphological and physiological responses. Ethylene (ET) and nitric oxide (NO) have been involved in the regulation of both Fe and P related acquisition genes. The common involvement of ET and NO suggests that they must act in conjunction with other specific signals, more closely related to each deficiency, to avoid the induction of the specific responses when ET/NO increase due to other nutrient deficiencies or stresses. Besides the specificity conferred by these signals, ET itself could confer specificity to the responses to Fe- or P-deficiency by acting through different signaling pathways in each case. 
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Electrospun Nanofibers in Batteries
Electrospinning spinning techniques enables spinning continuous nanofibers with typical diameters in the range of some ten to some hundred nanometers. Rechargeable or secondary batteries are electrochemical power sources commonly utilized in portable devices such as camcorders, mobile phones, laptops, and electric transportations. In general, batteries are comprised of one or more electrochemical cells. Positive electrode (cathode), negative electrode (anode), porous separator membrane, and ionic conductive electrolyte are the essential components for fabrication of each electrochemical cell, electrospun fibers could enhanced various characteristics of electrolytic cells.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Antidiabetic Effect of Gymnema montanum/Momordica charantia/Moringa oleifera
Gymnema montanum (G. montanum, GM) is a plant belonging to Apocynaceae family, an endemic, woody climbing shrub found mainly in Africa and India. Momordica charantia (M. charantia, MC), a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, is commonly known as a bitter gourd, balsam pear, bitter melon, or Karela and could be found in India, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, Cuba, Ghana, Haiti, the Middle East, Central and South America and many other regions. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera, MO) Lam is a plant that belongs to the Moringaceae family and naturally occurs widely in many tropical and subtropical areas. The extracts of Gymnema montanum, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera represent a promising and attractive source of phytochemicals with proven antidiabetic and antioxidant activity in rat models of diabetes. They increase pancreatic insulin and insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, reduce insulin resistance and hepatic gluconeogenesis, and have a modulatory effect on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and antihyperlipidemic properties. All three extracts reduced oxidative stress and revealed antiperoxidative features to protect β-cells against ROS. They are, therefore, good candidates for the management and treatment of diabetes in mammals, especially humans. Moreover, all three plants have been widely used in traditional medicine.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neuromelanin in Parkinson’s Disease: Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Tyrosinase
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an aging-related disease and the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. The main symptoms of PD are movement disorders accompanied with deficiency of neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the striatum due to cell death of the nigrostriatal DA neurons. Two main histopathological hallmarks exist in PD: cytosolic inclusion bodies termed Lewy bodies that mainly consist of α-synuclein protein, the oligomers of which produced by misfolding are regarded to be neurotoxic, causing DA cell death; and black pigments termed neuromelanin (NM) that are contained in DA neurons and markedly decrease in PD.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Early Childhood Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, schools and preschools worldwide have been suspended, causing many challenges for students, parents, and teachers. Through home-schooling, preschool children struggle to accept new (online) learning modes. Teachers need to acquire digital skills quickly to deliver online teaching, while parents need to take on the role of a tutor at home to facilitate their children’s learning.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Application of Triboelectric Nanogenerator in Fluid Dynamics Sensing
The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) developed by Z. L. Wang’s team to harvest random mechanical energy is a promising new energy source for distributed sensing systems in the new era of the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) for a smart world. In industry and academia, fluid dynamics sensing for liquid and air is urgently needed but lacking. In particular, local fluid sensing is difficult and limited to traditional sensors. Fortunately, with advantages for ordinary TENGs and TENGs as fluid dynamics sensors, fluid dynamics sensing can be better realized.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Sep 2022
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