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Topic Review
Marine Plastic Litter Reduction in Manila
Without coordinated intervention, the annual flow of plastics into the ocean is expected to nearly triple by 2040, from 11 million tons today to 29 million metric tons, globally. Manila Bay, situated in Manila, is where the challenges related to plastic pollution are of great importance nationally and, thus, make headlines globally, as plastic waste that is not properly managed has increased the economic and environmental effects of marine plastics. At the global governance forum on 2 March 2022, at the UN Environment Assembly in Nairobi, 175 countries endorsed a historic resolution to end plastic pollution and forge an international, legally binding agreement by the end of 2024. With this global and binding agreement, cities like Manila could properly enforce measures to end this plastic pollution—which needs the political will of the administrators and the participation of the relevant constituents. 
  • 1.5K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Blockchain Technology in Modern Power Systems
In the context of modern power system development to support the evolution towards green energy and carbon-neutral emission goals, many existing problems and even challenges demand new technical solutions. Decentralized blockchain technology has been employed to address some problems in power systems, and many papers have been published. The objective here is to present how blockchain technology can be applied in modern power systems and provide researchers with a summary of progress in this area. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Polymeric Biodiesel
Biodiesel industry is expanding rapidly in accordance with the high energy demand and environmental deterioration related to the combustion of fossil fuel. However, poor physicochemical properties and the malperformance of biodiesel fuel still concern the researchers. In this flow, polymers were introduced in biodiesel industry to overcome such drawbacks. This article introduces polymeric biodiesel which is Hydroxyalkanoates methyl ester (HAME) and hydroxybutyrate methyl ester (HBME) that are sourced from carbon-enriched polymers with the help of microbial activity. Composition, production techniques, characteristics, and limitations of polymeric biodiese were explored. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Resilient UAV Swarms
UAVs have rapidly become prevalent in applications related to surveillance, military operations, and disaster relief. Their low cost, operational flexibility, and unmanned capabilities make them ideal for accomplishing tasks in areas deemed dangerous for humans to enter. They can also accomplish previous high-cost and labor-intensive tasks, such as land surveying, in a faster and cheaper manner. Researchers studying UAV applications have realized that a swarm of UAVs working collaboratively on tasks can achieve better results. The dynamic work environment of UAVs makes controlling the vehicles a challenge. 
  • 1.5K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Changes of Endothelial Glycocalyx in Cardiac Surgery
Cardiac surgery is one of the highest-risk procedures, usually involving cardiopulmonary bypass and commonly inducing endothelial injury that contributes to the development of perioperative and postoperative organ dysfunction. Substantial scientific efforts are being made to unravel the complex interaction of biomolecules involved in endothelial dysfunction to find new therapeutic targets and biomarkers and to develop therapeutic strategies to protect and restore the endothelium. 
  • 1.5K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Cuscuta Parasites
Dodder species (Cuscuta spp.) are holoparasites that have extensive material exchange with their host plants through vascular connections. Parasitism represents a lifestyle in which parasitic plants obtain nutrients from hosts, causing serious biotic stresses and impacts on global agriculture. Cuscuta spp. (dodder) are rootless and leafless stem parasites throughout their lifecycle, and cannot survive independently due to their very limited or absent photosynthesis. Their wide host range includes vegetables, crops, and pastures, and they are malignant parasitic weeds. The dodder penetrates the host and forms a specific organ—the haustorium—for host attachment; the vascular connections established by the haustoria serve as an open hub for the exchange of various substances (e.g., water, nutrients, pathogens, systemic signals, and even macromolecules) between the two plants. This exchange is known as cross-species transmission.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Progress of Natural Product Databases
Natural products (NPs) are a rich source of structurally novel molecules, and the chemical space they encompass is far from being fully explored. NPs have represented a significant source of bioactive molecules and have served as a source of inspiration for developing many drugs on the market. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) has contributed to drug discovery research, mitigating costs and time. In this sense, compound databases represent a fundamental element of CADD. 
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Chicken MHC
The chicken immune system has provided an immense contribution to basic immunology knowledge by establishing major landmarks and discoveries that defined concepts widely used today. One of many special features on chickens is the presence of a compact and simple major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Despite its simplicity, the chicken MHC maintains the essential counterpart genes of the mammalian MHC, allowing for a strong association to be detected between the MHC and resistance or susceptibility to infectious diseases. This association has been widely studied for several poultry infectious diseases, including infectious bronchitis. In addition to the MHC and its linked genes, other non-MHC loci may play a role in the mechanisms underlying such resistance. It has been reported that innate immune responses, such as macrophage function and inflammation, might be some of the factors driving resistance or susceptibility, consequently influencing the disease outcome in an individual or a population. Information about innate immunity and genetic resistance can be helpful in developing effective preventative measures for diseases such as infectious bronchitis, to which a systemic antibody response is often not associated with disease protection.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Tryptophan Dysmetabolism and Quinolinic Acid in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is involved in both depression and neurodegenerative diseases. The kynurenine pathway, generating metabolites which may play a role in pathogenesis, is one of several competing pathways of tryptophan metabolism. A disturbed tryptophan metabolism with increased activity of the kynurenine pathway and production of quinolinic acid may result in deficiencies in tryptophan and derived neurotransmitters. Quinolinic acid is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist, and raised levels in CSF, together with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, have been reported in mood disorders. Increased quinolinic acid has also been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and HIV-related cognitive decline. 
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Canada's Food Guide
Canada's Food Guide (French: Guide alimentaire canadien) is a nutrition guide produced by Health Canada. In 2007, it was reported to be the second most requested Canadian government publication, behind the Income Tax Forms. The Health Canada website states: "Food guides are basic education tools that are designed to help people follow a healthy diet."
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Space Exploration
Space exploration refers to the investigation of celestial objects and outer space using advanced technology, including crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, telescopes, and robotic probes. It aims to expand our understanding of the universe, develop new technologies, and assess the feasibility of extraterrestrial life and human colonization beyond Earth.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Photobiomodulation in Dermatology
Photobiomodulation (PBM), formerly known as low-level laser light therapy (LLLT), is a safe phototherapy technique that uses wavelengths of the visible light spectrum which includes red light (RL, 620–700 nm) and near-infrared (NIR, 700–1440 nm). This treatment modality has been used in dermatology, both in clinical settings and at home. PBM involves the use of various light sources, including low-level lasers (LLL) and light-emitting diodes (LED), to deliver therapeutic light. Reviews on the matter have already been conducted.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Green Innovation as A Conceptual Framework
The growing emergence of environmental problems has meant that sustainability and related concepts such as green innovation have acquired special importance. This has resulted in a significant body of literature addressing these concepts. 
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Methods of Microstructured Surface Finishing
For microstructured surfaces, surface accuracy and surface quality are two key elements, because surface shape determines its function and surface quality affects its performance. Precision machining techniques such as cutting and grinding are considered to be a more reasonable and effective way for microstructured surfaces of tens to hundreds of microns at present [5]. Although the precision machining technology can meet the requirements of sub-micron accuracy, it cannot effectively guarantee the surface quality. Deformation of the material during the removal process will result in the formation of residual stress, surface/subsurface damage and other defects, tool marks and ripples, etc.[6] These defect will seriously affect the performance of microstructured work pieces importantly [7][8][9]. Compared with flat and curved surfaces, the microstructured surface is complicated, small in size and discontinuous, which leads to the over-polishing phenomenon in the sharp corner area and the groove area is difficult to be machined. Therefore, it is difficult to polish the microstructured surface while improving the surface quality of microstructure without reducing the accuracy of its surface shape.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cation-Chloride-Cotransporters in Cardiovascular Disease
The homeostasis of cell volume, which is essential for the survival of all mammalian cells, requires the dynamically regulated transport of ions across the plasmalemma. While the individual “effector” molecules involved in cell volume regulation such as ion channels (e.g., VRACs) and transporters (e.g., the NKCC1 and KCC2 cation-Cl- cotransporters (CCCs) are well established, the “sensor” and “transducer” molecules that coordinate their activities remain poorly characterized. Dysregulation or failure of cell volume homeostasis occurs in numerous clinical contexts, with cerebral edema (i.e., “brain swelling”) – as occurs after stroke or trauma – being a quintessential example. In the review, we summarise previous work and recent advances that attest to  cation chloride cotransporters’s growing potential as a therapeutic target for Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Graphene Growth on Alloy Catalysts
Chemical vapor deposition is the most promising technique for the mass production of high-quality graphene, in which the metal substrate plays a crucial role in the catalytic decomposition of the carbon source, assisting the attachment of the active carbon species, and regulating the structure of the graphene film. Due to some drawbacks of single metal substrates, alloy substrates have gradually attracted attention owing to their complementarity in the catalytic growth of graphene.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TP53 Gene
Tumor protein p53: The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53 (or p53).
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Trends in Agricultural Energy System
Agricultural energy system is a typical integrated cooling, heating and power system.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Immune-Mediated Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a challenging clinical event in medicine, particularly because of its ability to present with a variety of phenotypes including that of autoimmune hepatitis or other immune mediated liver injuries.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Plants with Antiviral Properties
Phytochemicals have been used as antiviral agents against several viruses since they could inhibit via different mechanisms, either at the viral entry point or the replication stages and also immunomodulation potentials. 
  • 1.5K
  • 19 May 2021
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