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Topic Review
Analog Synthesizer
An analog (or analogue) synthesizer is a synthesizer that uses analog circuits and analog signals to generate sound electronically. The earliest analog synthesizers in the 1920s and 1930s, such as the Trautonium, were built with a variety of vacuum-tube (thermionic valve) and electro-mechanical technologies. After the 1960s, analog synthesizers were built using operational amplifier (op-amp) integrated circuits, and used potentiometers (pots, or variable resistors) to adjust the sound parameters. Analog synthesizers also use low-pass filters and high-pass filters to modify the sound. While 1960s-era analog synthesizers such as the Moog used a number of independent electronic modules connected by patch cables, later analog synthesizers such as the Minimoog integrated them into single units, eliminating patch cords in favour of integrated signal routing systems.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
History of Passive Sliding Base Isolation Systems
Base isolation techniques have emerged as the most effective seismic damage mitigation strategies. Several types of aseismic devices for base isolation have been invented, studied, and used. Out of several isolation systems, sliding isolation systems are popular due to their operational simplicity and ease of manufacturing. These isolators behave passively i.e. their properties of independent of frequency of earthquake excitation. Herein, the historical development of passive sliding isolators based on the number of sliding surfaces is discussed.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Presentation of Film Deposition Method
The functional layer is an important part of the storage mechanism in lithium-ion batteries, as it helps to improve the performance and stability of the interface and allows for the efficient transfer of ions and electrons. The film deposition techniques are vital for the development of lithium-ion batteries by providing a functional layer at the interface between electrode and electrolyte, which fabricates a solid-state battery with a different approach from the traditional methods.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Discovery, Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Gomesin
Gomesin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide which is isolated from the haemocytes of the Brazilian tarantula Acanthoscurria gomesiana and can be produced chemically by Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. Gomesin exhibits a range of biological activities, as demonstrated by its toxicity against therapeutically relevant pathogens such as Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, and parasites.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Mushroom Bioactive Peptides
Mushroom bioactive peptides (MBPs) are bioactive peptides extracted directly or indirectly from edible mushrooms. MBPs are known to have antioxidant, anti-aging, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive properties, and facilitate memory and cognitive improvement, antitumour and anti-diabetes activities, and cholesterol reduction.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cross-Reactivity of Fruit Allergens
Most of the allergenic proteins from fruits identified belong to different families of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. These PR proteins have been classified in different families of structurally and functionally unrelated proteins, but the majority of all fruit allergens belong to three groups, in particular PR-5 thaumatin-like proteins (TLP), PR-10 Bet v 1-like proteins, and PR-14 non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsTLP). The cross-reactivities between fruit allergens and homologous proteins from other vegetable, seed, and pollen sources account for different food-pollen syndromes. The allergens responsible for these food-pollen syndromes essentially consist of the pan-allergens nsLTPs, profilins, GRPs, β-1,3-glucanases, but also the seed storage proteins.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Electronic Nose and Traditional Methods of Ammonia Detection
Ammonia (NH3) represents a perilous gas that poses a substantial hazard to both human well-being and the environment, particularly within agricultural regions. Agricultural activities constitute a primary source of ammonia emissions. Thus, effective monitoring and measurement of ammonia sources in agriculture are imperative for mitigating its adverse impact. However, not all existing ammonia detection methods are suitable for discerning the low concentrations typically encountered in agricultural ammonia volatilizing (ranging from 0.01 to 5 parts per million). Consequently, curtailing ammonia volatilization from farmland assumes paramount importance, with real-time monitoring serving as a crucial mechanism for assessing environmental contamination and minimizing agricultural ammonia losses. Deploying appropriate detection methodologies ensures that requisite measures are taken to safeguard human health and the environment from the deleterious repercussions of ammonia exposure.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
Among electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies, rechargeable batteries (RBs) and supercapacitors (SCs) are the two most desired candidates for powering a range of electrical and electronic devices. The RB operates on Faradaic processes, whereas the underlying mechanisms of SCs vary, as non-Faradaic in electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), Faradaic at the surface of the electrodes in pseudo-capacitors (PCs), and a combination of both non-Faradaic and Faradaic in hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs). EDLCs offer high power density but low energy density. HSCs take advantage of the Faradaic process without compromising their capacitive nature. Unlike batteries, supercapacitors provide high power density and numerous charge–discharge cycles; however, their energy density lags that of batteries. Supercapatteries, a generic term that refers to hybrid EES devices that combine the merits of EDLCs and RBs, have emerged, bridging the gap between SCs and RBs. 
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis is an important opportunistic infection and a leading cause of meningitis in patients with HIV infection. The current antifungal pharmacological treatment is limited; in addition, the high toxicity, increased resistance rate, and difficulty of the currently available antifungal molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier hamper the treatment. Thus, the search for new alternatives for the treatment of cryptococcosis is extremely necessary. Here we describe the therapeutic strategies currently available and discuss new molecules with antifungal potential in different phases of clinical trials and in the advanced pre-clinical phase.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Soil Health
Soil health is the capacity of the soil to provide an environment for optimum growth and development of plants, while also ensuring the health of animals and humans. Animal manure has been used for centuries as a source of nutrients in agriculture. However, many other soil properties that contribute to soil health are affected when manure is applied. Bulk density, aggregate stability, infiltration, water holding capacity, soil fertility, and biological properties are impacted to various degrees with manure application. The goal of this paper was to compile the research findings on the effects of various livestock manure types on soil fertility, soil physical properties, soil biology and the yield of various cereal crops. Specifically, this paper summarizes results for poultry, cattle, and swine manure used in various cropping systems. Although there are conflicting results in the literature with regards to the effect of manure on various soil properties, the literature offers convincing evidence of beneficial impacts of manure on soil and the growth of crops. The degree to which manure affects soil depends on the physical and chemical properties of the manure itself and various management and environmental factors including rate and timing of application, soil type, and climate.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Post Covid-19 Pandemic Scenarios
The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted numerous academic debates about its impact on health and the economy and on possible post-pandemic scenarios across the globe. The discussion has been focused on whether the pandemic will mark a turning point and a unique opportunity to generate radical changes in the economic and productive system, or if the State assistance role will, once again, serve to rescue the capitalist system.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Apr 2021
Topic Review
TNF-α Inhibitors and Vaccinations
This entry is a up-to-dated review of the current indications for vaccination in patients on anti-TNF-a therapy. Live attenuated vaccines are always contraindicated, while inactivated vaccines can be safely administered.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Neurofibromatosis and Schwannomatosis
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by the development of tumors of the central or peripheral nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, organs, skin, and bones. There are three types of NF: NF1 accounting for 96% of all cases, NF2 in 3%, and schwannomatosis (SWN) in <1%. The NF1 gene is located on chromosome 17q11.2, which encodes for a tumor suppressor protein, neurofibromin, that functions as a negative regulator of Ras/MAPK and PI3K/mTOR signaling pathways. The NF2 gene is identified on chromosome 22q12, which encodes for merlin, a tumor suppressor protein related to ezrin-radixin-moesin that modulates the activity of PI3K/AKT, Raf/MEK/ERK, and mTOR signaling pathways. In contrast, molecular insights on the different forms of SWN remain unclear. Inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor genes SMARCB1 and LZTR1 are considered responsible for a majority of cases.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ecological Footprint
Ecological Footprint (EF) is one of the most scientific methods for the assessment of environmental performance. It is broadly applied to measure the sustainability grade of communities. EF is also an accounting tool for quantifying Herman Daly’s (Nobel Prize winner for sustainable development) principles of sustainability, and it could provide the ability of natural resource consumption monitoring and present advice for the reduction of human pressure on the ecosystem.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Spirulina Supplementation
Spirulina is a microalga that presents various important pro-health properties, for instance lowering blood pressure in the research. The study aims to appraise the efficacy of Spirulina administration on systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were retrieved by a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases from inception to June 2021 according to a standardized protocol. The effect size of each study was counted from mean and standard deviation before and after the intervention and shown as Un-standardized mean difference and 95% confidence interval. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Meta-analysis on 5 RCTs with 230 subjects was eligible. The amount of Spirulina ranged from 1 to 8 g per day, and intervention durations ranged from 2 to 12 weeks. Data analysis indicated that Spirulina supplementation led to a significant lowering of SBP (Mean Difference (MD): −4.59 mmHg, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): −8.20 to −0.99, I square statistic (I2) = 65%) and significant lowering of DBP (MD: −7.02 mmHg, CI: −8.86 to −5.18, I2 = 11%), particularly in a subgroup of hypertensive patients. Spirulina administration might have a supportive effect on the prevention and treatment of hypertension. More exact randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the effect of Spirulina supplementation on blood pressure.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ag-Decorated/Loaded Gas Sensors
Ag is one of the cheapest noble metals which is extensively used in the decoration or doping of semiconducting metal oxides (SMOs) to boost the overall gas-sensing performances of nanostructured SMOs. This is due to the electronic and chemical sensitization of Ag nanoparticles. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Gate-Level Static Approximate Adders
This work compares and analyzes static approximate adders which are suitable for FPGA and ASIC type implementations. We consider many static approximate adders and evaluate their performance with respect to a digital image processing application using standard figures of merit such as peak signal to noise ratio and structural similarity index metric. We provide the error metrics of approximate adders, and the design metrics of accurate and approximate adders corresponding to FPGA and ASIC type implementations. For the FPGA implementation, we considered a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA, and for an ASIC type implementation, we considered a 32-28 nm CMOS standard digital cell library. While the inferences from this work could serve as a useful reference to determine an optimum static approximate adder for a practical application, in particular, we found approximate adders HOAANED, HERLOA and M-HERLOA to be preferable.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Spirochetes as Causative Agents of Alzheimer’s Disease
Spirochetes are bacteria that can also form biofilms, and there is increasing evidence regarding infections with specific species. Borrelia burgdorferi, and several species of treponemes are some of the most studied spirochetes regarding Alzheimer’s Disease. Spirochetes were visualized in the neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brains of individuals with AD, and peptidoglycan was also located near Aβ deposits.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Fouling Prevention in Membranes by Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization
The application of membrane processes in various fields has now undergone accelerated developments, despite the presence of some hurdles impacting the process efficiency. Fouling is arguably the main hindrance for a wider implementation of polymeric membranes, particularly in pressure-driven membrane processes, causing higher costs of energy, operation, and maintenance. Radiation induced graft copolymerization (RIGC) is a powerful versatile technique for covalently imparting selected chemical functionalities to membranes’ surfaces, providing a potential solution to fouling problems. 
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Detection of the Seasonally Activated Rural Areas
Tourist activity is the main cause of seasonal activation of rural areas. The largest seasonal fluctuations were registered in mountain areas and spa resorts. For mountain areas, the highest seasonality is in the winter months (peak—January/February), and lowest is in the summer season. The seasonal character of spa centers indicates the similar trend, generally less pronounced (peak—January), however, with higher seasonality during the summer. 
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Mar 2022
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