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Topic Review
Ionising Radiation Induces Promoter DNA Hypomethylation
How chronic exposures to sublethal doses of pollutants affect wild life is still under schientific debate. In this paper we exposed fertilized zebrafish embryos to low to moderate dose rates of ionizing radiations, a well known physical stressor that induces DNA damages.  We assessed the molecular effects induced by ionizing radiations on gastrulation, a key developmental stage during embryogenesis, focusing on the transcriptome and DNA methylation patterns. An hypomethylation of the promoter of genes involved in ectoderm and mesoderm development was observed, and correlated with perturbation of transcriptional activity. Our data suggest that the early developmental perturbations in the morphogenesis of the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm might predict the functional defects in neurogenesis and muscle development observed at later stages.
  • 913
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
UPS and Ca2+ Signaling
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the main proteolytic pathway by which damaged target proteins are degraded after ubiquitination and the recruit of ubiquitinated proteins, thus regulating diverse physiological functions and the maintenance in various tissues and cells. The UPS and Ca2+ signaling are interconnected, since each affects the other. The interconnected nature of these signals plays a critical role in regulating cellular functions. 
  • 913
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Biotechnologies in Perfume Manufacturing
The fragrance industry is increasingly turning to biotechnology to produce sustainable and high-quality fragrance ingredients. Microbial-based approaches have been found to be particularly promising, as they offer a more practical, economical and sustainable alternative to plant-based biotechnological methods for producing terpene derivatives of perfumery interest. Among the evaluated works, the heterologous expression of both terpene synthase and mevalonate pathway into Escherichia coli has shown the highest yields.
  • 913
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Alzheimer’s Disease
Accurate and early prediction of risk is an important strategy to alleviate the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) burden. Neuroinflammation is a major factor prompting the onset of the disease. Inflammation exerts its toxic effect via multiple mechanisms. Amongst others, alteration of gene expression via modulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as miRNAs. Recent evidence supports that inflammation can also affect long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression. 
  • 913
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Formyl-Peptide Receptors
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most important regulators of cardiac function and are commonly targeted for medical therapeutics. Formyl-Peptide Receptors (FPRs) belong to the GPCR superfamily and include three members (FPR1, FPR2 and FPR3). FPRs are functionally expressed in several cells and tissues where they can significantly contribute to inflammatory disorders, cancer, infections and cardiovascular pathologies. FPRs stimulation induces phosphorylation of several signaling proteins modulating different cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, intracellular communication, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival. FPRs can also modulate oxidative stress through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production whose dysregulation has been observed in different cardiovascular diseases.
  • 912
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Honey in Advanced Wound Care
The clinical considerations in wound-healing management include preventing and controlling the infection and/or contamination, maintaining the adequate moisture environment, treating edema, and preventing further injury. Conventional chronic wound care involves debridement to remove non-viable tissue and bacterial biofilms, followed by wound dressing. The common wound dressings consist of a standard cotton bandage or highly absorbent dressings, such as collagen and alginate, or hydrocolloids; however, this procedure of wound care is often ineffective.
  • 912
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Inflammation Driven by HMGB1
HMGB1, originally described as a a protein that binds to DNA, functions as a structural co-factor for somatic cell transcription control. However, it also has numerous functions extracellularly. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), when passively released from cells, is capable of activating host innate immunity.
  • 911
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
PPARα-Lysosomal Crosstalk in NAFLD
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors which belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They regulate key aspects of energy metabolism within cells. Recently, PPARα has been implicated in the regulation of autophagy-lysosomal function, which plays a key role in cellular energy metabolism. PPARα transcriptionally upregulates several genes involved in the autophagy-lysosomal degradative pathway that participates in lipolysis of triglycerides within the hepatocytes. Interestingly, a reciprocal regulation of PPARα nuclear action by autophagy-lysosomal activity also exists with implications in lipid metabolism. This review succinctly discusses the unique relationship between PPARα nuclear action and lysosomal activity and explores its impact on hepatic lipid homeostasis under pathological conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • 910
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Antioxidant Effects on the Brain and Skeletal Muscle
Erythroid-related nuclear factor 2 (NRF2) and the antioxidant-responsive-elements (ARE) signaling pathway are the master regulators of cell antioxidant defenses, playing a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, a scenario in which proper mitochondrial function is essential. Increasing evidence indicates that the regular practice of physical exercise increases cellular antioxidant defenses by activating NRF2 signaling.
  • 910
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Structural and Functional Features of Pyridoxal Phosphate-Binding Protein
The pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein (PLPBP) family (also termed ProsC/PROSC or COG0325 family) members are found in all kingdoms of life, exemplified by the proteins YBL036C (yeast), YggS (Gram-negative bacteria), YlmE (Gram-positive bacteria), PipY (cyanobacteria), PLPHP (humans) and HTH5 (rice). 
  • 910
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Resveratrol for Eye Diseases
Due to the confirmed therapeutic potential of resveratrol (Rv) for eye diseases, namely its powerful anti-angiogenic and antioxidant effects, this molecule must be studied more deeply. The pharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic available studies offer a troubling picture because of its low stability and bioavailability. To overcome this problem, researchers started to design and create different delivery systems that could improve the delivery amount of Rv. Therefore, to shed light on the proper and efficient techniques to isolate, purify and quantify the Rv molecule, and how this therapeutic molecule can be a part of a delivery system. The Rv great impact on aspects regarding its stability, bioavailability, and absorption are also debated here, based on the existent literature on in vitro and in vivo human and animal studies. Moreover, after its absorption, the Rv influence at the molecular level in ocular pathologies is described.
  • 910
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ubiquitin-Like Proteins in Ribosome Production
Ubiquitin is a small protein that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes. It operates as a reversible post-translational modifier through a process known as ubiquitination, which involves the addition of one or several ubiquitin moieties to a substrate protein. These modifications mark proteins for proteasome-dependent degradation or alter their localization or activity in a variety of cellular processes. In most eukaryotes, ubiquitin is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins in which it is fused either to itself, constituting a polyubiquitin precursor, or as a single N-terminal moiety to ribosomal proteins, which are practically invariably eL40 and eS31.
  • 909
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Obesity-Induced Brain Neuroinflammatory and Mitochondrial Changes
Obesity is defined as abnormal and excessive fat accumulation, and it is a risk factor for developing metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive deficits. Obesity is caused by an imbalance in energy homeostasis resulting from increased caloric intake associated with a sedentary lifestyle. However, the entire physiopathology linking obesity with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline has not yet been elucidated. During the progression of obesity, adipose tissue undergoes immune, metabolic, and functional changes that induce chronic low-grade inflammation. It has been proposed that inflammatory processes may participate in both the peripheral disorders and brain disorders associated with obesity, including the development of cognitive deficits. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction is related to inflammation and oxidative stress, causing cellular oxidative damage. 
  • 909
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Membrane Proteins on Artificial Lipid Membranes
Membrane proteins play an important role in key cellular functions, such as signal transduction, apoptosis, and metabolism. Therefore, structural and functional studies of these proteins are essential in fields such as fundamental biology, medical science, pharmacology, biotechnology, and bioengineering.
  • 909
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
MSC-based Therapy for BBB Preservation
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a prominent pathophysiological mechanism, responsible for a series of subsequent inflammatory cascades that exacerbate the damage to brain tissue. However, the benefit of recanalization is limited in most patients because of the narrow therapeutic time window. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been assessed as excellent candidates for cell-based therapy in cerebral ischemia, including neuroinflammatory alleviation, angiogenesis and neurogenesis promotion through their paracrine actions. In addition, accumulating evidence on how MSC therapy preserves BBB integrity after stroke may open up novel therapeutic targets for treating cerebrovascular diseases.
  • 908
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Diverse Roles of piggyBac
piggyBac (PB), one of three transposons (PB, Sleeping Beauty (SB), and Tol2) found thus far, has been used for efficient transfection of GOI in various mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo.
  • 908
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chronotherapy
Chronotherapy aims to understand the impact that biological rhythms have on the response to a therapy to optimize its action, maximize health benefits, and minimize possible adverse effects. Chronotherapy, or clinical chronopharmacology, study the impact that circadian rhythms have on the response to a drug to optimize its action, maximize health benefits and minimize possible adverse effects on the patient.
  • 908
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs and CSCs
       Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are important factors for the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. CSCs distinct features can be either promoted or suppressed by the function of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs, primarily through the targeting of crucial signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog pathways.
  • 907
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cold-Active Lipases and Esterases
One of the survival strategies adopted by microorganisms living in cold environments is their expression of cold-active enzymes that enable them to perform an efficient metabolic flux at low temperatures necessary to thrive and reproduce under those constraints. Cold-active enzymes are ideal biocatalysts that can reduce the need for heating procedures and improve industrial processes’ quality, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.
  • 907
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Circular RNAs in Pregnancy and the Placenta
The placenta, a product of conception with a transient existence, uniquely supports pregnancy. It plays a critical role in nutrient, waste and gas exchange between the mother and fetus. Correct placentation underpins fetal development, as well as coordinating maternal adaptations to pregnancy to maintain maternal and fetal health. In pregnancy complications characterised by aberrant placentation such as preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction, there is an altered placental transcriptome. Emerging evidence demonstrates the roles of novel RNA species in pregnancy complications, particularly circular RNAs (circRNAs).
  • 906
  • 18 May 2022
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