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Topic Review
Discrimination, Bias, Fairness, and Trustworthy AI
It has been identified that there exists a set of specialized variables, such as security, privacy, responsibility, etc., that are used to operationalize the principles in the Principled AI International Framework.  Bias, discrimination, and fairness are mainly approached with an operational interest by the Principled AI International Framework.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Legal Working Age
The legal working age is the minimum age required by law for a person to work, in each country or jurisdiction. Some types of labor are commonly prohibited even for those above the working age, if they have not reached yet the age of majority. Activities that are dangerous, harmful to the health or that may affect the morals of minors fall into this category.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Social Determinants of Health
The five main areas of social determinants of health (SDOH) are economic stability, healthcare access and quality, education access and quality, social and community context, and the neighborhood and built environment. Each of these domains can be further detailed by specific factors that may go on to affect a patient’s quality of life and health.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review Video
Black Hole
Black holes are the celestial objects existing at the center of every galaxy. They can currently only be described by their spin, charge, and angular momentum, with other attributes derived from the basic properties. The existence of black holes was first predicted by German physicist and astronomer Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, with the exact solutions to Einstein's field equations of general relativity one year after its publication. Finnish physicist Gunnar Nordström proposed a theory of gravity and electromagnetism with four spatial dimensions in 1914, and later developed into the stationary charged black hole in 1918.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Peat Processing Technologies and Peat Applications
Peatlands can become valuable resources and greenhouse gas sinks through the use of different management practices. Peatlands provide carbon sequestration; however, they are also among the greatest greenhouse gas emissions sources. Peat is undervalued as a resource in the bioeconomy and innovation—a way that could save costs in peatland management. 
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Antioxidants and Human Oocyte Mitochondrial
Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) while also generating high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from oxygen metabolism. ROS are small but highly reactive molecules that can be detrimental if unregulated. While normally functioning mitochondria produce molecules that counteract ROS production, an imbalance between the amount of ROS produced in the mitochondria and the capacity of the cell to counteract them leads to oxidative stress and ultimately to mitochondrial dysfunction. This dysfunction impairs cellular functions through reduced ATP output and/or increased oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction may also lead to poor oocyte quality and embryo development, ultimately affecting pregnancy outcomes. Improving mitochondrial function through antioxidant supplementation may enhance reproductive performance. Recent studies suggest that antioxidants may treat infertility by restoring mitochondrial function and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Antioxidant properties of coenzyme-Q10, resveratrol, melatonin and several vitamins have been evaluated in the human oocyte, although their direct action on mitochondrial function has yet to be elucidated.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Depressant Properties of Crocin Molecules in Saffron
Saffron is a valued herb, obtained from the stigmas of the C. sativus Linn (Iridaceae), with therapeutic effects. It has been described in pharmacopoeias to be variously acting, including as an anti-depressant, anti-carcinogen, and stimulant agent. The therapeutic effects of saffron are harbored in its bioactive molecules, notably crocins, the subject of this research. Crocins have been demonstrated to act as a monoamine oxidase type A and B inhibitor. Furthermore, saffron petal extracts have experimentally been shown to impact contractile response in electrical field stimulation. Other research suggests that saffron also inhibits the reuptake of monoamines, exhibits N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonism, and improves brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling. A host of experimental studies found saffron/crocin to be similarly effective as fluoxetine and imipramine in the treatment of depression disorders. Saffron and crocins propose a natural solution to combat depressive disorders. However, some hurdles, such as stability and delivery, need to be overcome.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Remote Sensing and Monitoring of Marine Pollution
With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, human activities have caused marine pollution in three ways: land source, air source, and sea source, leading to the problem of marine environments. Remote sensing, with its wide coverage and fast and accurate monitoring capability, continues to be an important tool for marine environment monitoring and evaluation research.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Potential of Home Hydroponics
The global food system is facing significant challenges that make it unsustainable and environmentally harmful. These challenges not only threaten food security but also have severe negative impacts on the environment. In this context, hydroponics emerges as a sustainable, plant-based food production technique that can be employed as a solution in urban areas. It can be implemented in domestic microproduction systems, serving as a complementary alternative to conventional food production methods.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
PP2A during Mitosis in Yeasts
Cell cycle regulation is largely based on protein phospho-dephosphorylation events, catalyzed by cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) and phosphatases (PPases), respectively. During many years the Cdks were considered the main component of the cell cycle control system. Recently, the importance of the counteracting PPases has emerged. Research on yeast has provided many insights into such contribution. Here we present an overview of the protein phosphatase 2A family's roles during mitosis.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Kynurenic Acid in the Brain
Kynurenic acid, a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, acts as antagonist for both the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and glycine co-agonist sites of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor at endogenous brain concentrations. Elevation of brain kynurenic acid levels reduces the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate, and kynurenic acid is considered to be involved in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Systems (PVSs)
In a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PVS) synchronization and islanding detection techniques have to operate in coordination. Abnormal conditions can arise on the utility grid which require a prompt response from the PVS, hence the information provided by the synchronization system are fundamental for the grid voltage monitoring. The islanding detection techniques are based also on the information provided by the synchronization techniques and some islanding detection techniques require additional synchronization systems. Besides, after an islanding event, the PVS reconnection procedure has to be managed with two synchronization systems. For all these reasons synchronization and islanding detection issues have been analyzed together. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Cyclospora Cayetanensis
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian protozoan that causes cyclosporiasis, a severe gastroenteric disease, especially for immunocompromised patients, children, and the elderly. The parasite is considered as an emerging organism and a major contributor of gastroenteritis worldwide. Although the global prevalence of cyclosporiasis morbidity and mortality has not been assessed, global concern has arisen since diarrheal illness and gastroenteritis significantly affect both developing and industrialized countries. In the last two decades, an increasing number of foodborne outbreaks have been associated with the consumption of fresh produce that is difficult to clean thoroughly and is consumed without processing. Investigations of these outbreaks have revealed the necessity to increase the awareness in clinicians of this infection, since this protozoan is often ignored by surveillance systems, and to establish control measures to reduce contamination of fresh produce.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Heat Stress and Goat Welfare
Among the farm animals, goats arguably are considered the best-suited animals to survive in tropical climates. Heat stress was found to negatively influence growth, milk and meat production and compromised the immune response, thereby significantly reducing goats’ welfare under extensive conditions and transportation. Although considered extremely adapted to tropical climates, their production can be compromised to cope with heat stress. Therefore, information on goat adaptation and production performance during heat exposure could help assess their welfare.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Fe and P Deficiency Responses
Fe and P deficiency responses, which enable plants to improve their ability to acquire these nutrients, show many similarities.  Iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) are two essential elements for plant growth whose nutrition is closely related. Both elements are abundant in soils but with poor availability for plants, which favor their acquisition by developing root morphological and physiological responses. Ethylene (ET) and nitric oxide (NO) have been involved in the regulation of both Fe and P related acquisition genes. The common involvement of ET and NO suggests that they must act in conjunction with other specific signals, more closely related to each deficiency, to avoid the induction of the specific responses when ET/NO increase due to other nutrient deficiencies or stresses. Besides the specificity conferred by these signals, ET itself could confer specificity to the responses to Fe- or P-deficiency by acting through different signaling pathways in each case. 
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Zirconia Implant-Prosthetic Components' Tissue Response
Dental components manufactured with zirconia (ZrO2) represent a significant percentage of the implant-prosthetic market in dentistry. However, during the last few years, we have observed robust clinical and pre-clinical scientific investigations on zirconia both as a prosthetic and an implantable material. Dental devices manufactured from ZrO2 are structurally and chemically stable with biocompatibility levels allowing for safe and long-term function in the oral environment.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant Peptides from Corn Silk Tryptic Hydrolysate
Corn silk (CS) is an agro-by-product from corn cultivation. It is used in folk medicines in some countries, besides being commercialized as health-promoting supplements and beverages. Unlike CS-derived natural products, their bioactive peptides, particularly antioxidant peptides, are understudied.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Antidiabetic Effect of Gymnema montanum/Momordica charantia/Moringa oleifera
Gymnema montanum (G. montanum, GM) is a plant belonging to Apocynaceae family, an endemic, woody climbing shrub found mainly in Africa and India. Momordica charantia (M. charantia, MC), a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, is commonly known as a bitter gourd, balsam pear, bitter melon, or Karela and could be found in India, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, Cuba, Ghana, Haiti, the Middle East, Central and South America and many other regions. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera, MO) Lam is a plant that belongs to the Moringaceae family and naturally occurs widely in many tropical and subtropical areas. The extracts of Gymnema montanum, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera represent a promising and attractive source of phytochemicals with proven antidiabetic and antioxidant activity in rat models of diabetes. They increase pancreatic insulin and insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, reduce insulin resistance and hepatic gluconeogenesis, and have a modulatory effect on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and antihyperlipidemic properties. All three extracts reduced oxidative stress and revealed antiperoxidative features to protect β-cells against ROS. They are, therefore, good candidates for the management and treatment of diabetes in mammals, especially humans. Moreover, all three plants have been widely used in traditional medicine.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Classifications of Adsorptive Ultrafiltration Membrane
Adsorptive ultrafiltration mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are a new strategy, developed in recent years, to remove harmful cations and small-molecule organics from wastewater and drinking water, which achieve ultrafiltration and adsorption functions in one unit and are considered to be among the promising technologies that have exhibited efficiency and competence in water reuse.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Early Childhood Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, schools and preschools worldwide have been suspended, causing many challenges for students, parents, and teachers. Through home-schooling, preschool children struggle to accept new (online) learning modes. Teachers need to acquire digital skills quickly to deliver online teaching, while parents need to take on the role of a tutor at home to facilitate their children’s learning.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jun 2022
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